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I-4-Methyldiphenylamine CAS: 620-84-8
I-4-Methyldiphenylamine CAS: 620-84-8
Organic imathiriyeli ekrwada: cycloalkylamines, monoamines anuka, polyamines aromamines kunye derivatives zazo neetyuwa.Inkangeleko yikristale emhlophe.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-organic synthesis intermediates, synthesis of organic functional materials kunye namayeza, kwakunye photochemistry kunye intermediates liquid crystal. Ayinyibiliki emanzini. Inyibilika kwibenzene, toluene,methanol, ethanol
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N, N-Dimethylacetamide CAS: 127-19-5
N, N-Dimethylacetamide CAS: 127-19-5
Iimpawu zemichiza: Iimpawu zekhemikhali zifana kakhulu ne-N,N-dimethylformamide, kwaye iyinto emele i-amide solvent. Ukungabikho kwe-asidi okanye i-alkali, ayiyi kubola xa ishushu ekubiliseni phantsi koxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo, ngoko inokuchithwa phantsi koxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo. Izinga le-hydrolysis licotha kakhulu. Xa i-N, N-dimethylacetamide equkethe i-5% yamanzi ishushu kwi-95 ° C kwiiyure ze-140, kuphela i-0.02% i-hydrolyzed. Nangona kunjalo, phambi kwe-asidi kunye ne-alkali, izinga le-hydrolysis liyakhula. I-Saponification iyenzeka xa ishushu phambi kwe-alkali enamandla.
isicelo
1. I-Pharmaceutical intermediate dimethylacetamide yinto ebalulekileyo ye-pharmaceutical raw material kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso ye-amoxicillin, i-cephalosporins kunye nezinye iziyobisi. Njenge-solvent okanye i-cocatalyst, i-dimethylacetamide inokuphucula umgangatho wemveliso kunye nesivuno xa kuthelekiswa nezinyibilikisi zendalo zendalo. Kwi-2000, imfuno ye-dimethylacetamide kwishishini lamachiza yayimalunga ne-6kt. Imfuno ye-dimethylacetamide kwi-2006 yayimalunga ne-9.6kt. 2. Ukuveliswa kwefiber ye-Acrylic Ekuveliseni i-acrylic fiber, abanye basebenzisa indlela ye-dimethylacetamide. Okwangoku, imveliso yefiber ye-acrylic yasekhaya i-Chemicalbook ikakhulu ibandakanya i-sodium thiocyanate indlela enamanyathelo amabini, i-dimethylformamide indlela enenyathelo elinye kunye ne-dimethylacetamide indlela emanzi ephilayo ngokwezinyibilikisi. Ukususela kumbono wenkqubo kunye neempawu zezixhobo, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, umgangatho wemveliso, Izinto ezininzi ezifana nokusebenza emva kokulungiswa, izinga lendawo kunye neendlela zophuhliso lwangaphandle ziye zanda uphando lwesicelo kunye nemigudu yokukhuthaza. I-Dimethylacetamide isetyenziswe njengothelekiso olubanzi. I-sodium thiocyanate indlela yamanyathelo amabini kunye ne-dimethylacetamide ye-organic wet method yasetyenziswa. Olona phuhliso luthembisayo. Okwangoku, ukufakelwa kwe-acrylic fiber eninzi e-China kusebenzisa iinkqubo ezimanzi usebenzisa i-dimethylacetamide njenge-solvent. -
Allyl utywala CAS: 107-18-6
Allyl utywala CAS: 107-18-6
indalo
Ulwelo olungenambala olunevumba lemostade elibukhali. Ukuxinana okuzalanayo o. 8520. Indawo yokukhenkceza -129℃. Indawo yokubilisa 96.9℃. Ubushushu obubalulekileyo yi-271.9℃. Indawo edanyazayo (indebe evaliweyo) 22.2℃. Iba yivitreous kwi-190℃. Isalathisi se-Refractive 1. 4132. I-Discible ngamanzi, i-ether, i-ethanol, i-chloroform kunye ne-petroleum ether.
sebenzisa
Yinto ephakathi kwimveliso ye-glycerin, amayeza, i-pesticides, iziqholo kunye nezithambiso, kwaye ikwayinto ekrwada yokuveliswa kwe-diallyl phthalate resin kunye ne-bis (2,3-bromopropyl)fumarate. I-Silane ephuma kwi-alylal alcohol kunye ne-copolymers ene-styrene isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiingubo kunye neglasi.
ishishini lefayibha. I-Allyl urethane ingasetyenziswa kwi-photosensitive polyurethane coatings kunye namashishini okuphosa.
ukhuseleko
Inevumba elikhethekileyo kwaye inokucaphukisa kakhulu amehlo, ulusu, umqala kunye nenwebu. Kwiimeko ezinzima, kunokubangela ubumfama. Ukubambelela eluswini kunokubangela ukuba kube bomvu kwaye kubangele ukutshisa, kwaye kufakwe ngokukhawuleza ngesikhumba, kubangele ukuphazamiseka kwesibindi, i-nephritis, i-hematuria kunye nezinye iimpawu. Enye yee-alcohol ezinobuthi kakhulu, i-LD50 yomlomo kwiigundane yi-64rng / kg. Inja yomlomo LD50 40mg/kg. Ubuninzi bokugxininiswa okuvumelekileyo emoyeni kwindawo yokuvelisa ngu-5rng / m3. Kule ngqwalasela, ukucaphuka kunamandla kakhulu kwaye akukwazi ukunyamezela ixesha elide. Ukuba itshiza esikhumbeni, hlambulula ngamanzi kwaye usebenzise iyeza elisekelwe kwigrisi. Nxiba izixhobo zokukhusela xa usebenza. -
Dicyclohexylamine CAS: 101-83-7
Dicyclohexylamine CAS: 101-83-7
I-Dicyclohexylamine ilungiselelwe ngokusebenzisa i-aniline njengento ekrwada kunye ne-hydrogenating kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu phambi kwe-catalyst.
Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengendawo ephakathi kwi-organic synthesis kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela i-intermediates yedayi, i-accelerators yerabha, ipeyinti ye-nitrocellulose, i-insecticides, i-catalysts, i-preservatives, i-gas phase corrosion inhibitors kunye ne-fuel antioxidant book additives, njl. . Iityuwa ze-asidi ezinamafutha kunye ne-sulfates ye-dicyclohexylamine zineempawu zokususa ibala lesepha kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukuprinta, ukudaya kunye namashishini e-textile. Izakhiwo zayo zetsimbi zisetyenziselwa ii-inki kunye neepeyinti.
Ulwelo olunamafutha angenambala kunye nolubonakalayo olunevumba elibukhali le-ammonia. Inyibilika kancinane emanzini, ixubene nezinyibilikisi eziphilayo. -
N-Methylformamide (NMF) CAS: 123-39-7
N-Methylformamide (NMF) CAS: 123-39-7
I-N-methylformamide esulungekileyo lulwelo olungenambala, olungafihliyo kunye ne-viscous, mp-3.8℃, bp198℃, n25D 1.4310, ingxinano eyi-0.9986 (25℃), enyibilikayo emanzini, inokunyibilikisa iityuwa ze-inorganic, kwaye i-hygroscopic. Ukubola ngokulula kwizisombululo ze-asidi okanye ze-alkaline.
I-N-methylformamide yinto ebalulekileyo ye-organic synthetic ekrwada. Isetyenziswe kwi-synthesis ye-pesticides, i-insecticides kunye ne-acaricides i-monoformamidine kunye ne-diformamidine. Ikwasetyenziswa kwimveliso yamayeza, ufele olwenziweyo, ufele olwenziweyo, kunye nanjengento enyibilikayo kwiilaphu zemichiza yefiber. .
Indlela yokuvelisa 1. Indlela ye-methylamine iveliswa ngokusabela kwe-methylamine kunye ne-carbon monoxide. 2. Indlela ye-Methyl formate ifunyenwe ngokuphendula kwe-methyl formate kunye ne-methylamine. 3. Ifunyenwe kwi-reaction ye-ethyl formate kunye ne-methylamine. Yongeza i-ethyl formate kwi-reactor, yongeza isisombululo se-methylamine samanzi phantsi kokupholisa, kwaye uphendule impendulo kwi-40 ° C. Emva koko yashiywa iintsuku ezi-3, kwaye i-ethanol yafunyanwa phantsi koxinzelelo oluncitshisiweyo lokufumana imveliso ekrwada. Imveliso egqityiweyo ifunyenwe nge-distillation phantsi koxinzelelo oluncitshisiweyo.
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I-3-Dimethylaminopropylamine CAS: 109-55-7
I-Diamine yiklasi ebalulekileyo yezinto zekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezinto eziluhlaza, iziphakathi okanye iimveliso. Ngokomzekelo, i-diamine yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolwakhiwo kwi-synthesis ye-polyamide kunye nezinye iimpendulo ze-polymerization ye-condensation. I-N, N-dimethyl-1Chemicalbook, i-3-diaminopropane (DMPA) yinto ebalulekileyo ephakathi, esetyenziselwa umzekelo ekulungiseleleni i-industrial lubricant. Ukongeza, i-DMPA isetyenziswa njengento ekrwada yokulungiselela i-coagulants kwaye ngokwayo kufuneka ibe neempawu ze-Anti-corrosion.
Lulwelo olungenambala olucacileyo. Inyibilika emanzini nakwizinyibilikisi eziphilayo. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni izinto zokuthambisa, ezifana nepalmitamide dimethylpropylamine, cocamidopropyl betaine, i-mink oil amidopropylamine, njl.
Ukusebenzisa i-dimethylaminopropionitrile [1738-25-6] njengento eluhlaza, i-hydrogenation kunye ne-methanol yongezwa phambi kwe-Ni-Al catalyst, kwaye ihlulwe kwaye ihlanjululwe ukuze ifumane umkhiqizo ogqityiweyo we-3-dimethylaminopropylamine. Ukucoceka kwemveliso efunyenweyo kunokufikelela ngaphezu kwe-99%, kwaye itoni nganye yemveliso idla i-1150kg ye-dimethylaminopropionitrile. -
I-2-(N-Ethyl-m-toluidino)ethanol CAS: 91-88-3
I-N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethyl m-toluidine (2-(Ethyl(m-tolyl) amino) ethanol) lulwelo olumthubi olukhanyayo kunye nedayi ephakathi. Isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa idayi zecationic, ezifana ne-cationic ebomvu 6B. Ikwasetyenziswa njengento ekrwada kwimveliso yabaphuhlisi bemibala kunye namayeza.
Ukusetyenziswa: 1. Idayi ephakathi.
Okwesibini, isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa idayi ze-cationic, ezifana ne-cationic ebomvu 6B.
3. Isetyenziswe njengezinto eziluhlaza kwimveliso yabaphuhlisi bemibala kunye namayeza.
indlela yokuvelisa
1. indlela ye-m-toluidine
Ilungiswa ukusuka kwi-m-toluidine kunye ne-ethyl iodide njengezinto eziluhlaza.
Ezimbini, indlela ye-N-ethyl m-toluidine
Ilungiswa ngokusebenzisa i-N-ethyl m-toluidine njengento ekrwada kwaye isabela nge-chloroethanol (okanye i-ethylene oxide).
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N, N-Dimethylformamide CAS 68-12-2
I-Dimethylformamide lulwelo olungenambala noluselubala. Ayisiyo kuphela imveliso yeekhemikhali esetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kodwa kunye ne-solvent egqwesileyo enoluhlu olubanzi losetyenziso. I-Dimethylformamide yinto ebalulekileyo ekrwada kumayeza, i-petrochemical, isikhumba kunye namanye amashishini.
I-Dimethylformamide ibizwa ngokuba yi-DMF. Yikhompawundi apho iqela le-hydroxyl le-asidi ye-formic ithathelwa indawo yiqela le-dimethylamino, kunye ne-molecular formula HCON (CH3) 2. Lulwelo olungenambala noluselubala oluphezulu olubilisayo olunevumba le-amine elikhanyayo kunye noxinzelelo olumalunga ne-0.9445 (25℃). Indawo yokunyibilika -61℃. Indawo yokubilisa 152.8℃. Indawo edanyazayo 57.78℃. Ukuxinana komphunga 2.51. Uxinzelelo lomphunga 0.49kpa (3.7mmHg25℃). Indawo yokuziqhelanisa yi-445℃. Umda wokudubula komphunga nomoya yi-2.2 ~ 15.2%. Ukutyhileka kumadangatye avulekileyo kunye nobushushu obuphezulu kunokubangela ukutsha kunye nogqabhuko-dubulo. Inokusabela ngobundlobongela kunye ne-asidi ye-sulfuric egxininisiweyo kunye ne-asidi ye-nitric evuthayo kwaye ide iqhume. Iyaxubana namanzi kunye nezinyibilikisi ezininzi ze-organic Chemicalbook. Sisinyibilikisi esixhaphakileyo sokwenza imichiza. I-dimethylformamide ecocekileyo ayinayo ivumba, kodwa ibakala leshishini okanye i-dimethylformamide eyonakeleyo inevumba lentlanzi kuba iqulethe ukungcola kwe-dimethylamine. Eli gama livela kwinto yokuba liyi-dimethyl endaweni ye-formamide (i-amide ye-asidi ye-formic), kwaye omabini amaqela e-methyl abekwe kwi-atom ye-N (nitrogen). I-Dimethylformamide i-polar (i-hydrophilic) i-solvent ye-aprotic enendawo yokubilisa ephezulu, enokukhuthaza indlela yokuphendula ye-SN2. I-Dimethylformamide yenziwe nge-asidi ye-formic kunye ne-dimethylamine. I-Dimethylformamide ayizinzile (ingakumbi kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu) phambi kweziseko ezinamandla ezifana ne-sodium hydroxide okanye i-acids eqinile njenge-hydrochloric acid okanye i-sulfuric acid, kunye ne-hydrolyzes kwi-formic acid kunye ne-dimethylamine.
Izinzile kakhulu emoyeni kwaye xa ifudunyezwa ukubilisa. Xa iqondo lobushushu lingaphezulu kwe-350°C, lilahlekelwa ngamanzi kwaye livelise i-carbon monoxide kunye ne-dimethylamine. I-N, i-N-dimethylformamide sisinyibilikisi se-aprotic esihle kakhulu esinokunyibilikisa izinto ezininzi eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic kwaye zixutywa ngamanzi, i-alcohols, i-aldehydes, i-ketones, i-esters, i-halogenated hydrocarbons kunye ne-hydrocarbons enuka kamnandi. . Isiphelo esichajiwe kakuhle se-N, N-dimethylformamide molekyuli sijikelezwe ngamaqela e-methyl, senza umqobo we-Chemicalbook wesithuba esithintela ii-ion ezingalunganga ukuba zisondele kwaye zidibanise kuphela ii-ion ezintle. Iianion ezingenanto zisebenza kakhulu kunee-anion ezisonjululweyo. Iimpendulo ezininzi ze-ionic kulula ukuzisebenzisa kwi-N,N-dimethylformamide kunezinyibilikisi zeprotic ngokubanzi. Ngokomzekelo, ii-carboxylates kunye ne-halogenated hydrocarbons zisabela kwi-N, N-dimethylformamide kwiqondo lokushisa. , inokuvelisa i-esters kunye nezivuno eziphezulu, kwaye ilungele ngokukodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwee-esters ezithintelwe ngokungqongqo.
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N,N-Diethylaniline CAS:91-66-7
N,N-Diethylaniline CAS:91-66-7
Ulwelo olungenambala ukuya kumthubi. Inevumba elikhethekileyo. Inyibilika kancinci emanzini, inyibilika kwizinyibilikisi eziphilayo ezifana ne-ethanol, i-ether, ikloroform kunye nebenzene. Ithathwe kwi-reaction ye-aniline kunye ne-ethyl chloride. I-quota yokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza: i-aniline 645kg / t, i-ethyl chloride (95%) 1473kg / t, i-caustic soda (42%) 1230kg / t, i-phthalic anhydride 29kg / t.
Ingasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela i-azo dyes, i-triphenylmethane dyes, njl njl. Kwakhona ingundoqo ebalulekileyo yokudibanisa iziyobisi kunye nabaphuhlisi befilimu yombala, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kubanzi kakhulu.
Ukugcinwa : Indawo yokugcina ingena umoya kwaye yomiswe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi; zigcinwe ngokwahlukileyo kwiiasidi, ii-oxidants kunye nezongezo zokutya. -
I-Polyethylene-polyamines CAS: 68131-73-7
I-Polyethylene-polyamines CAS: 68131-73-7
Imbonakalo Orange-bomvu ukuya kulwelo viscous brown.
Ukusetyenziswa: Isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-anion exchange resin, i-ion exchange membrane, i-demulsifier yeoli ekrwada, i-lubricating oil additive, njl njl. Ikwasetyenziswa njenge-epoxy resin yokunyanga i-agent kunye ne-cyanide-free plating additive.
I-Solubility: i-solubility emanzini kunye ne-ethanol, i-ether enganyibilikiyo, ithatha kalula ukufuma kunye ne-carbon dioxide emoyeni, kwaye ifake iityuwa ezihambelanayo kunye ne-acids, eziya kuqina kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi.
Kulula kakhulu ukugqabhuka xa ichaphazeleka, ukukhuhlana, amadangatye avulekileyo okanye eminye imithombo yokutshisa. Gcina kwindawo epholileyo, eyomileyo nengena moya enikezelwe kwiziqhushumbisi. Iqondo lobushushu logcino alidluli kuma-32°C kwaye ukufuma okuhambelanayo akudluli kwi-80%. Zigcine kude nomlilo kunye nemithombo yobushushu. Kufuneka zigcinwe ngokwahlukileyo kwi-oxidants, i-acids, kunye ne-alkali, kwaye zigweme ukugcinwa okuxubileyo. Ixhotyiswe ngeentlobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nobuninzi bezixhobo zomlilo. Izinto ezifanelekileyo kufuneka zifumaneke kwindawo yokugcina ukuze iqulethe ukuchithwa. Akukho vibration, impembelelo kunye nokukhuhla.
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Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid CAS: 60-00-4
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid CAS: 60-00-4
iimpawu zeekhemikhali
Le mveliso ikhazimla ngaphandle kwamanzi njengomgubo omhlophe. Ukunyibilika emanzini kwi-25℃ yi-0.5g/L. Ukunganyibiliki emanzini abandayo, utywala kunye nezinyibilikisi eziqhelekileyo eziphilayo. I-soluble kwi-sodium hydroxide, i-sodium carbonate kunye nezisombululo ze-ammonia.
Indlela yokuvelisa:
Ukusabela kwe-ethylenediamine kunye ne-chloroacetic acid. Yongeza i-100kg ye-chloroacetic acid, i-100kg yomkhenkce kunye ne-135kg yesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide (30%) kwi-reaction kettle, kwaye wongeze i-18kg ye-83% ukuya kwi-84% ye-ethylenediamine phantsi kokuxutywa. Fudumeza kwi-15 ° C ngeyure enye. Yongeza i-30Chemicalbook% isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kwiibhetshi ze-10L ngexesha ngalinye. Emva kokongezwa nganye, yongeza enye ibhetshi emva kokuba isisombululo sovavanyo lwe-phenolphthalein singabonakali obomvu. Gcina kwiqondo lokushisa kwe-12h. Fudumeza ukuya kwi-90 ° C kwaye uguqule umbala ngekhabhoni esebenzayo. Hlunga, hlamba intsalela yokucoca ngamanzi, kwaye ekugqibeleni ulungise ixabiso le-pH ukuya kwi-3 kunye ne-concentrated hydrochloric acid. Pholisa kwaye ucwebezelise, hluza kwaye uhlambe ngamanzi de kungabikho reaction ion chloride. Iimveliso ezomileyo.
Ukusabela kwe-ethylenediamine kunye ne-formaldehyde kunye ne-sodium cyanide. Hlanganisa i-60% ye-ethylenediamine isisombululo se-aqueous, i-30% ye-sodium cyanide isisombululo se-aqueous kunye ne-sodium hydroxide, kwaye ugcine umxube kwi-20 ° C nge-0.5h. Emva koko yongeza isisombululo se-formaldehyde emanzini. Emva kokusabela, i-chemicalbook yachithwa kwaye amanzi aphelile. Emva koko phinda lo msebenzi ungentla, wongeza i-formaldehyde engaphezulu okokugqibela ukuvumela i-sodium cyanide ukuba isabele ngokupheleleyo. Lungisa i-pH kwi-1.2 kunye ne-asidi edibeneyo. Imvula emhlophe yana, yahluzwa, yahlanjwa ngamanzi, yomiswa kwi-110°C. Fumana imveliso.
I-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) yinto ebalulekileyo yokudibanisa. I-EDTA isetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye inokusetyenziswa njenge-blekning fixative ekusetyenzweni kwezixhobo ze-photosensitive zemibala, izinto ezincedisayo zokudaya, ii-fiber processing axiliaries, izongezo ze-cosmetic, ii-anticoagulants zegazi, ii-detergents, izizinzi, i-synthetic rubber polymerization initiator, i-EDTA yi-chelate Representative substances ye-mixed. Inokwenza iikhompleksi zeekhemikhali ezinyibilikayo ezizinzileyo zamanzi ezineentsimbi zealkali, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye neentsimbi eziguqukayo. Ukongeza kwiityuwa zesodium, kukho iityuwa ze-ammonium kunye neetyuwa ezahlukeneyo ezifana nentsimbi, i-magnesium, i-calcium, ithusi, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-cobalt kunye ne-aluminium. Nganye kwezi tyuwa inomsebenzi owahlukileyo. Ukongeza, i-EDTA inokusetyenziselwa ukukhupha ngokukhawuleza isinyithi esiyingozi se-radioactive emzimbeni womntu kwaye idlale indima yokukhupha ityhefu. Ikwayiarhente yokucoca amanzi. I-EDTA nayo isalathiso esibalulekileyo, kodwa isetyenziselwa ukuthambisa i-nickel yensimbi, ubhedu, njl njl. Xa isetyenziswe, kufuneka isetyenziswe kunye ne-ammonia ukuze isebenze njengesalathisi. -
I-Disodium edetate dihydrate CAS: 6381-92-6
I-Disodium edetate dihydrate CAS: 6381-92-6
I-Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-disodium EDTA) sisixhobo esinamandla sokutshisa. Ngenxa yokuzinza kwayo okuphezulu kunye neempawu zolungelelwaniso olubanzi, inokuphantse inxibelelane ne-ion ezininzi zetsimbi ngaphandle kweentsimbi zealkali (ezinje ngentsimbi, ubhedu, icalcium, i-magnesium kunye nezinye ii-ion ezininzi) i-chelate ukwenza ii-complexes ezizinzileyo ezinyibilikayo emanzini, eziphelisa i-ion zetsimbi okanye iimpendulo eziyingozi ezibangelwa zizo.
I-Disodium EDTA ngumgubo omhlophe oyikristale onyibilikayo emanzini kwaye phantse awunyibiliki kwi-ethanol kunye ne-ether. Ixabiso le-pH yesisombululo sayo samanzi malunga ne-5.3 kwaye isetyenziswe kwi-detergents, i-dayi encedisayo, i-fiber processing agents, izongezo ze-cosmetic, izongezo zokutya, i-micro-fertilizers yezolimo kunye ne-Mariculture, njl.
I-disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate isetyenziselwa ukutya, amayeza, izimonyo kunye nezinye iimveliso. Ukutya-grade disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate ingasetyenziswa njenge-stabilizer, i-coagulant, i-antioxidant kunye ne-preservative, kwaye inokukhusela umbala kunye nokuxhathisa i-oxidation. , i-anti-corrosion synergy kunye nefuthe lokuzinzisa.
