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i-p-Phenylenediamine CAS 106-50-3
I-p-Phenylenediamine (i-p-Phenylenediamine yesiNgesi), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Ursi D, yenye yezona diamines zilula kakhulu. Imveliso ecocekileyo imhlophe ukuya kwiikristale ze-lavender, ezijika zibe mfusa okanye zibe mdaka xa zibekwe emoyeni.
umbala. Iyanyibilika kancinci emanzini abandayo, iyanyibilika kwi-ethanol, i-ether, i-chloroform kunye ne-benzene.
Ingasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela iidayi ze-azo, iipolymers ezineemolekyuli ezininzi, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iidayi ze-fur, ii-antioxidants zerabha kunye nabaphuhlisi beefoto. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-aramid, iidayi ze-azo, iidayi zesulfur, iidayi ze-asidi, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa njenge-fur black D. Ukuveliswa kwe-Mao Pi Black DB, i-Mao Pi Brown N2, kunye ne-Chemicalbook rubber antioxidants DNP, DOP, kunye ne-MB. Ikwasetyenziswa njengezinto zokwenza idayi yeenwele ze-cosmetic Ursi D series, i-gasoline polymerization inhibitor kunye nomphuhlisi. Njengedayi yekhemikhali, i-p-phenylenediamine okwangoku ivumelekile ukusetyenziswa kwimveliso yeedayi zeenwele, kodwa kukho imiqathango ecacileyo kubungakanani bokusetyenziswa.
Ifunyanwa ngokunciphisa i-p-nitroaniline kunye nomgubo wesinyithi kwindawo ene-asidi. Faka umgubo wesinyithi kwi-hydrochloric acid, uyifudumale ukuya kuma-90°C, uze wongeze i-p-nitroaniline ngelixa uvuselela. Emva kokuba ukongeza kugqityiwe, sabela kwi-95-100°C kangangeeyure eziyi-0.5, uze wongeze i-hydrochloric acid egxininisiweyo ukuze ugqibezele ukuncipha kwe-Chemicalbook reaction. Emva kokuba ipholile, yinciphise ngesisombululo se-sodium carbonate esigcweleyo ukuya kwi-pH 7-8, uyibilise kwaye uyihluze ngelixa ishushu, uze uhlambe ikhekhe lesihluzo ngamanzi ashushu. Hlanganisa i-filtrate kunye nolwelo lokuhlamba, gxila phantsi koxinzelelo oluncitshisiweyo, yenza i-crystallize ngokuyipholisa okanye uyinyibilikise phantsi koxinzelelo oluncitshisiweyo ukuze ufumane i-p-phenylenediamine enesivuno se-95%.
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I-1,2-Dichloroethane CAS 107-06-2
I-1,2-Dichloroethane lulwelo olunamafutha olungenambala, olucacileyo olunevumba elifana ne-chloroform kunye nencasa emnandi. Inyibilika emanzini malunga nezihlandlo ezili-120, ixutywe ne-ethanol, i-chloroform kunye ne-ether. Inganyibilikisa ioyile kunye negrisi, igrisi, iparafini.
Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni i-vinyl chloride, i-oxalic acid kunye ne-ethylenediamine, kwaye ingasetyenziswa njenge-solvents, i-grain fumigants, ii-detergents, ii-extraction agents, ii-metal degreasing agents, njl.njl.
indlela yemveliso:
1. Indlela yokwenziwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-ethylene kunye ne-chlorine: i-chlorine ethylene kunye ne-chlorine kwi-1,2-dichloroethane medium ukuvelisa i-dichloroethane ekrwada kunye nenani elincinci lee-polychlorides, yongeza i-alkali kunye ne-flash evaporate ukususa izinto ezine-acidic kunye nezinye izinto ezibila kakhulu, zihlanjwe ngamanzi de zibe zingathathi cala, ziphelelwe ngamanzi yi-azeotropic, kwaye zicocwe ukuze kufumaneke imveliso egqityiweyo. 2. Indlela ye-ethylene oxychlorination: I-Ethylene ikrwada ngokuthe ngqo nge-chlorine ukwenza i-dichloroethane. I-hydrogen chloride ifunyenwe ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwe-dichloroethane ukuvelisa i-vinyl chloride, igesi equlethe ioksijini i-Chemicalbook (umoya) kunye ne-ethylene zifudunyezwa ukuya kwi-150-200°C zidlula kwi-catalyst ye-chloride yobhedu elayishwe kwi-alumina kuxinzelelo lwe-0.0683-0.1033MPa, zisabela kubushushu be-200-250°C, kwaye imveliso ekrwada ipholisiwe (inciphisa uninzi lwe-trichloroacetaldehyde kunye nenxalenye yamanzi), icinezelwe, kwaye icociwe ukuze kufumaneke imveliso ye-dichloroethane. 3. Indlela yokukhupha i-ethylene ngqo kwi-petroleum cracked gas okanye kwi-coke oven. Ukongeza, i-1,2-dichloroethane ikwangumphumo ongasemva kwimveliso ye-chloroethanol kunye ne-ethylene oxide.
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Isodiyam chloride CAS 7647-14-5
I-sodium chloride yeyona nto iphambili kwityuwa yetafile kunye netyuwa yelitye. Yikhompawundi ye-ionic kwaye yikristale yetyhubhu engenambala necacileyo. I-sodium oxide ikhona ngobuninzi emanzini olwandle nakwimachibi etyuwa yendalo. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-chlorine, i-hydrogen, i-hydrochloric acid, i-sodium hydroxide, i-chlorate, i-hypochlorite, i-bleaching powder kunye ne-metallic sodium. Yinto ebalulekileyo yekhemikhali eluhlaza; I-Chemicalbook ingasetyenziselwa ukutya. Ukunonga kunye nokuthambisa iintlanzi, inyama kunye nemifuno, kunye nokuthambisa isepha kunye nesikhumba esithambileyo, njl.njl.; i-sodium chloride ecociweyo kakhulu ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-physiological saline kunyango lweklinikhi kunye novavanyo lwe-physiological, olufana nokulahleka kwe-sodium, ukulahleka kwamanzi, ukulahleka kwegazi, njl.njl. I-sodium chloride ingaveliswa ngamanzi olwandle acwebezelayo okanye ichibi letyuwa yendalo okanye amanzi etyuwa.
I-sodium chloride yikhemikhali ebalulekileyo esetyenziselwa ukulungisa igesi ye-chlorine, i-metallic sodium, i-caustic soda, i-soda ash kunye nezinye izinto, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiidayi, iiseramikhi, i-metallurgy, isikhumba, isepha, ifriji, njl. Kwikhemistri yohlalutyo, i-sodium chloride yi-reagent yokumisela i-fluorine kunye ne-silicate, kwaye yi-reagent yokulinganisa i-silver nitrate.
I-sodium chloride yimatrix ebalulekileyo yokugcina umthamo wolwelo olungaphandle kweseli. Ikwanempembelelo ethile yolawulo kwibhalansi ye-acid-base yolwelo lomzimba. Ikwayenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ekugcineni uxinzelelo lwe-neuromuscular. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuthintela nokunyanga i-hyponatremic syndrome, ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ngenxa yokungabikho kwe-sodium (njengokutsha, urhudo, ukutsha, njl.njl.), ukubetha kobushushu, njl.njl.; isetyenziselwa ngaphandle ukuhlamba amehlo, impumlo, amanxeba, njl.njl.; ukufakwa kwe-10% yesisombululo se-sodium chloride esine-hypertonic ngemithambo yegazi kunokukhuthaza i-Peristalsis yesisu, kuphucule ukusebenza kokugaya ukutya.
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I-Morpholine CAS 110-91-8
IMorpholine, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-1,4-oxazacyclohexane kunye ne-diethyleneimine oxide, lulwelo olunamafutha olungenambala olunevumba le-ammonia kunye ne-hygroscopicity. Lunokunyibilika ngomphunga wamanzi kwaye luxutywe namanzi. Lunyibilika kwi-acetone, i-benzene, i-ether, i-pentane, i-methanol, i-ethanol, i-carbon tetrachloride, i-propylene glycol kunye nezinye izinyibilikisi zendalo.
I-Morpholine inamaqela e-amine yesibini kwaye inazo zonke iimpawu zempendulo eziqhelekileyo zamaqela e-amine yesibini. Isabela kwii-asidi ezingaphiliyo ukuze yenze iityuwa, isabela kwii-asidi ze-organic ukuze yenze iityuwa okanye ii-amides, kwaye ingenza ii-alkylation reactions. Ingasabela nakwi-ethylene oxide, ii-ketones okanye yenze ii-Willgerodt reactions.
Ngenxa yeempawu ezikhethekileyo zeekhemikhali ze-morpholine, iye yaba yenye yeemveliso ze-petrochemical ezintle ezinokusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kwezorhwebo. Ingasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela izikhawulezisi zerabha ze-vulcanization, izithinteli zokugqwala, ii-anti-corrosion agents, kunye nee-arhente zokucoca ezifana ne-NOBS, DTOS, kunye ne-MDS. , ii-agents zokususa i-scaling, ii-analgesics, ii-local anesthetics, ii-sedatives, ii-respiration system Chemicalbook kunye ne-vascular stimulants, ii-surfactants, ii-optical bleaches, izithinteli zeziqhamo, ii-textile printing kunye ne-dyeing auxiliaries, njl.njl., kwirabha, amayeza, izibulala-zinambuzane, iidayi, ii-coatings, njl.njl. Eli shishini linoluhlu olubanzi lweendlela zokusetyenziswa. Kwizonyango, isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amayeza amaninzi abalulekileyo afana ne-morpholino, i-virospirin, i-ibuprofen, i-aphrodisiac, i-naproxen, i-diclofenac, i-sodium phenylacetate, njl.njl.
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I-2-Ethylhexylamine CAS: 104-75-6
I-2-Ethylhexylamine CAS: 104-75-6
Lulwelo olungenambala nolucacileyo, olunyibilikayo kancinci emanzini, olunyibilikayo kwi-ethanol nakwi-acetone. Luyatsha. Aluhambelani nee-oxidizing agents ezinamandla. Lusetyenziswa njengesithako esiphakathi kwezibulali zinambuzane, iidayi, ii-pigment, ii-surfactants, kunye nezibulali zinambuzane. Lungasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iziqinisi, izigcini, ii-emulsifiers, njl. Indlela yokulungiselela ifumaneka ngokuphendula i-2-ethylhexanol kunye ne-ammonia. Kwiseti enye yezixhobo ze-batch kettle, i-2-ethylhexylamine, i-di(2-ethylhexyl)amine, kunye ne-tris(2-ethylhexyl)amine zinokuveliswa ngokujikeleza. -
i-p-Toluenesulfonamide CAS 70-55-3
I-p-Toluenesulfonamide, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-4-toluenesulfonamide, i-p-sulfonamide, i-toluene-4-sulfonamide, i-toluenesulfonamide, i-p-sulfamoyltoluene, yikristale emhlophe okanye yeqabunga leChemicalbook, esetyenziselwa ukwenza i-chloramine-T kunye neChloramphenicol, iidayi ze-fluorescent, ukuvelisa iiplastiki, ii-resin zokwenziwa, ii-coating, izibulali-ntsholongwane kunye nezikhanyisi zokulungisa iinkuni, njl.njl.
I-p-Toluenesulfonamide yiplastiki eqinileyo egqwesileyo kwiiplastiki ze-thermosetting, ifanelekile kwi-phenolic resin, i-melamine resin, i-urea-formaldehyde resin, i-polyamide kunye nezinye ii-resin. Umxube omncinci unokuphucula ukucutshungulwa, wenze ukucutshungulwa kube ngokulinganayo, kwaye unike imveliso ukukhanya okuhle. I-p-Toluenesulfonamide ayinayo impembelelo yokuthambisa yee-plasticizers ezingamanzi, ayihambelani nee-polyvinyl chloride kunye nee-vinyl chloride copolymers, kwaye ihambelana kancinci ne-cellulose acetate, i-cellulose acetate butyrate kunye ne-cellulose nitrate.
Indlela yokuvelisa kuqala yongeza inxalenye yamanzi e-HN3 kwimbiza yokusabela, yongeza i-p-toluenesulfonyl chloride ngelixa ixutywa, kwaye ubushushu ngokwemvelo bunyuka bufikelele kuma-50°C. Emva kokuba ubushushu buhlile, amanzi aseleyo e-ammonia ayongezwa. Yenza kwi-85~9Chemicalbook0℃ kangangeeyure eziyi-0.5. I-reaction iphela xa ixabiso le-pH lifikelela kwi-8 ukuya kwi-9. Pholisa ukuya kuma-20°C, hluza, kwaye uhlambe ikhekhe yokucoca ngamanzi ukuze ufumane imveliso ekrwada. Imveliso emva koko isuswa umbala yi-activated carbon, inyibilikiswe kwi-alkali, yahlulwe yi-asidi, ihluzwe kwaye yomiswe ukuze kufunyanwe imveliso.
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I-Tosyl chloride CAS 98-59-9
I-Tosyl chloride CAS 98-59-9
I-Tosyl chloride (TsCl), njengemveliso yekhemikhali entle, isetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini edayi, amayeza, kunye nee-pesticide. Kwishishini ledayi, isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuvelisa ii-intermediates zedayi edityanisiweyo, i-ice dye, kunye nee-asidi; kwishishini leyeza, i-Chemicalbook isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuvelisa i-sulfonamides, i-mesulfonate, njl.njl.; kwishishini le-pesticide, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso ye-mesotrione, i-sulfotrione, i-metalaxyl entle, njl.njl. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lweshishini ledayi, amayeza kunye nee-pesticide, imfuno yamazwe ngamazwe yale mveliso ikhula imihla ngemihla.
Kukho iinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili zemveli ze-TsCl: 1. Iveliswa yi-chlorination ye-toluene ngokuthe ngqo kunye ne-chlorosulfonic acid engaphezulu kubushushu obuphantsi. Le ndlela ivelisa i-o-toluenesulfonyl chloride enomxholo ophezulu, kwaye i-p-toluenesulfonyl chloride yimveliso yayo, kwaye zombini kunzima ukwahlulahlula kwaye itya amandla amaninzi; 2. I-Toluene kunye ne-chlorosulfonic acid zityalwa ngokuthe ngqo nge-chlorosulfonic acid engaphezulu xa kukho iityuwa ezithile nakwiqondo lobushushu elithile. Nangona le ndlela inomlinganiselo ophezulu wemveliso ye-toluenesulfonyl chloride, umlinganiselo wokucoca Le ndlela ilula kwaye itya amandla aphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu bokusabela, ioyile ye-sulfonated eyahlukileyo ine-sulfones ephezulu kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi lokusetyenziswa. Isivuno esipheleleyo sokwenyani simalunga ne-70% kuphela kwiChemicalbook. Ukongeza, zombini ezi ndlela zityalwa kakhulu yi-chlorosulfonic acid kwaye inkunkuma ye-sulfuric acid eveliswayo inyibilikile kakhulu, into engafanelekanga ekusetyenzisweni nasekunyangweni kwemizi-mveliso. Kukwakho neengxelo zokuphucula le ndlela. Okokuqala, i-p-toluenesulfonyl chloride kumxube we-reaction iqiniswa ngokupheleleyo phantsi kweemeko ezithile kwaye amasuntswana ekristale ayandiswa. Indlela yokuhluza ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kwe-hydrolysis isetyenziselwa ukususa i-p-toluenesulfonyl chloride kumxube. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku kukho ubunzima obuthile ekukhetheni izixhobo zoshishino kwaye utyalo-mali lukhulu. Inkqubo ephuculweyo: Kukhethwe ii-catalysts ezifanelekileyo kunye nezinye iimeko zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo.
I-Tosyl chloride (TsCl) yikristale emhlophe eqhekekileyo eneqondo lokunyibilika elingama-69-71°C. Lichiza elibalulekileyo le-organic synthesis kwaye lisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni i-chloramphenicol, i-chloramphenicol-T, i-thiamphenicol kunye nezinye iziyobisi.
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I-Benzyl chloride CAS: 100-44-7
I-Benzyl chloride CAS: 100-44-7
I-Benzyl chloride, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-benzyl chloride kunye ne-toluene chloride, lulwelo olungenambala olunevumba elibi kakhulu. Luxutywa nezinyibilikisi ze-organic ezifana ne-chloroform, i-ethanol, kunye ne-ether. Ayinyibiliki emanzini kodwa inokutsha ngumphunga wamanzi. Umphunga wayo unokucaphuka okuthile kwi-mucous membrane yamehlo kwaye yigesi enamandla yokukrazula. Kwangaxeshanye, i-benzyl chloride ikwayindawo ephakathi kwi-organic synthesis kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-dyes, i-pesticides, i-synthetic fragrances, i-detergents, i-plasticizers, kunye namayeza.
Izicelo
I-Benzyl chloride inoluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa kushishino. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo zezibulali zinambuzane, amayeza, iziqholo, izincedisi zedayi, kunye nezincedisi zokwenziwa. Isetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa nokuvelisa i-benzaldehyde, i-butyl benzyl phthalate, i-aniline, i-phoxim, kunye ne-benzyl chloride. I-Penicillin, i-benzyl alcohol, i-phenylacetonitrile, i-phenylacetic acid kunye nezinye iimveliso. I-Benzyl chloride ikwiqela le-benzyl halide leekhompawundi ezicaphukisayo. Ngokuphathelele izibulali zinambuzane, ayinakuyenza ngokuthe ngqo kuphela i-organophosphorus fungicides i-Daifengjing kunye ne-Isidifangjing Chemicalbook, kodwa ingasetyenziswa njengezinto ezibalulekileyo eziluhlaza kwezinye izinto ezininzi eziphakathi, njengokwenziwa kwe-phenylacetonitrile, i-Benzoyl chloride, i-m-phenoxybenzaldehyde, njl. Ukongeza, i-benzyl chloride isetyenziswa kakhulu kumayeza, iziqholo, izincedisi zedayi, ii-resin zokwenziwa, njl. Iyindawo ebalulekileyo kwimveliso yeekhemikhali kunye namayeza. Emva koko ulwelo okanye inkunkuma eveliswa ngamashishini ngexesha lenkqubo yemveliso ngokungathandabuzekiyo iqulethe inani elikhulu le-benzyl chloride intermediates.
Iipropati zeKhemikhali:
Ulwelo olungenambala nolucacileyo olunevumba elinamandla elirhabaxa. Luyakrazula. Lunyibilika kwizinyibilikisi zendalo ezifana ne-ether, utywala, i-chloroform, njl.njl., alunyibiliki emanzini, kodwa lunokunyibilika ngomphunga wamanzi.
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I-N-Isopropylhydroxylamine CAS: 5080-22-8
I-N-Isopropylhydroxylamine lulwelo olungenambala olunevumba elibi le-ammonia.
- Iyanyibilika emanzini nakwizinto ezininzi ezinyibilikayo, kodwa ayinyibiliki kwizinto ezinyibilikayo ezingezizo ezomileyo.
- Yi-nucleophile ene-reaction eyongezelelweyo kwiikhompawundi ezifana nee-esters, ii-aldehydes, kunye nee-ketones.
sebenzisa:
- I-N-Isopropylhydroxylamine isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-organic synthesis reactions, ingakumbi njenge-amination reagent.
- Ingasetyenziselwa ukuhlanganisa iimveliso ze-amination ze-aldehydes, ii-ketones, kunye nee-esters, kwaye ithathe inxaxheba kwezinye ii-cyclization reactions.
- Ingasetyenziswa njenge-reagent yokunciphisa ukwenza ii-reduction reactions kwi-organic synthesis.
Indlela yokulungiselela:
- Indlela eqhelekileyo yokulungiselela i-N-isopropylhydroxylamine kukwenza i-amidation reaction kwi-isopropyl alcohol ukuze kufunyanwe i-N-isopropylisopropylamide, uze usebenzise igesi ye-ammonia ukuze isebenze kuyo ukuvelisa i-N-isopropylhydroxylamine.
Ulwazi loKhuseleko:
- I-N-Isopropylhydroxylamine yinto enokutsha enokubangela ukurhawuzelelwa nokutsha xa idibana nolusu namehlo.
- Nxiba iiglavu zokuzikhusela, iiglasi zokukhusela kunye nezinye izixhobo zokuzikhusela xa usebenzisa.
- Sebenzisa kwindawo enomoya ococekileyo kwaye uphephe ukuphefumla umphunga wayo.
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2,6-Dimethylaniline CAS 87-62-7
I-2,6-Dimethylaniline lulwelo olutyheli kancinci olunobunzima obuyi-0.973. Alunyibiliki emanzini, lunyibilika kwi-alcohol, i-ether, kwaye lunyibilika kwi-hydrochloric acid.
Iindlela zokwenziwa kwe-2,6-dimethylaniline ziquka ikakhulu indlela ye-2,6-dimethylphenol aminolysis, indlela ye-o-methylaniline alkylation, indlela ye-aniline methylation, indlela ye-m-xylene disulfonation nitration kunye nendlela ye-m-xylene disulfonation. Indlela yokunciphisa i-toluene nitration, njl.
Le mveliso ibalulekile ekuvelisweni kwezibulali zinambuzane kunye namayeza, kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza kwiimveliso zeekhemikhali ezifana needayi. Inokutsha ngedangatye elivulekileyo; iphendula kunye nee-oxidants; ibolisa umsi we-nitrogen oxide onetyhefu ngobushushu obuphezulu.
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I-2,4-Dimethyl aniline CAS 95-68-1
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I-2,4-Dimethyl aniline CAS 95-68-1
Lulwelo olunamafutha olungenambala. Umbala uyajula ekukhanyeni nasemoyeni. Lunyibilika kancinci emanzini, lunyibilika kwi-ethanol, i-ether, i-benzene kunye nezisombululo ze-asidi.
I-2,4-Dimethylaniline ifunyanwa nge-nitration ye-m-xylene ukuze kufunyanwe i-2,4-dimethylnitrobenzene kunye ne-2,6-dimethylnitrobenzene. Emva kokunyibilikiswa, kufunyanwa i-2,4-dimethylnitrobenzene. Imveliso ifunyanwa ngokunciphisa i-hydrogenation ye-benzene nge-catalytic. Isetyenziswa njengezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-pesticides, amayeza kunye needayi. Iyatsha kumalangatye avulekileyo; isebenza ne-oxidants; ibolisa umsi we-nitrogen oxide onetyhefu ngobushushu obuphezulu. Ngexesha lokugcina nokuthuthwa, indawo yokugcina impahla kufuneka ingeniswe umoya kwaye yome kubushushu obuphantsi; igcinwe ngokwahlukileyo kwi-acids, i-oxidants, kunye nezongezo zokutya.
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I-1-(Dimethylamino)tetradecane CAS 112-75-4
I-1-(Dimethylamino)tetradecane CAS 112-75-4
Imbonakalo yayo ilulwelo olucacileyo. Ayinyibiliki emanzini kwaye ayixinene kangako kunamanzi. Ngenxa yoko idada emanzini. Ukudibana kwayo kunokucaphukisa ulusu, amehlo kunye ne-mucous membranes. Inokuba yityhefu ngokuyiginya, ukuphefumla okanye ukufunxa ulusu.
Isetyenziselwa ukwenza ezinye iikhemikhali. Kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizithinteli, izongezo zepetroli, iintsholongwane, izithambisi zesinyithi ezinqabileyo, izisasazi zepigment, iiarhente zokudada kwezimbiwa, izinto zokuhlobisa, njl.njl.
Iimeko zokugcina: Gcina kwindawo epholileyo, eyomileyo, emnyama kwisikhongozeli okanye kwisilinda esivalwe kakuhle. Gcina kude nezinto ezingahambelaniyo, imithombo yokutsha kunye nabantu abangaqeqeshwanga. Khusela kwaye ufake ilebheli kwindawo. Khusela izikhongozeli/isilinda ekonakalisweni ngokwasemzimbeni.
