Njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yeshishini lezinto ezintsha, ishishini lezinto ezintsha zekhemikhali licandelo elitsha elinamandla angakumbi kunye namathuba ophuhliso kwishishini leekhemikhali. Imigaqo-nkqubo efana nesicwangciso "se-14 seMinyaka emihlanu" kunye nesicwangciso "se-Double Carbon" zonke ziye zaqhuba kakuhle itekhnoloji yempembelelo yeshishini.

Izinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali ziquka i-organic fluorine, i-organic silicon, ukonga amandla, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, iikhemikhali ze-elektroniki, ii-inki kunye nezinye izinto ezintsha. Zibhekisa kwezo ziphuhliswe ngoku nezisaphuhliswayo ezinentsebenzo egqwesileyo okanye imisebenzi ethile ekhethekileyo engenazo izixhobo zekhemikhali zemveli. Zezinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali. Izinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali zinendawo enkulu yokusetyenziswa kwiinkalo zeemoto, ezothutho lukaloliwe, ezomoya, ulwazi lwe-elektroniki, izixhobo eziphezulu, ukonga amandla kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nokwakhiwa kwezixeko.

Iindidi eziphambili zezinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali
Zihlelwe ngokweendidi zoshishino, izinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali ziquka iindidi ezintathu: enye ziimveliso zeekhemikhali eziphezulu kwiinkalo ezintsha, enye ziintlobo eziphezulu zezinto zeekhemikhali zemveli, kwaye eyesithathu zizinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali eziveliswa ngokucubungula okwesibini (iingqubo eziphezulu, izincamathelisi eziphezulu), izinto ze-membrane ezisebenzayo, njl.njl.).

Izinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali ziquka ikakhulu iiplastiki zobunjineli kunye nee-alloys zazo, izinto zepolymer ezisebenzayo, i-organic silicon, i-organic fluorine, iifayibha ezikhethekileyo, izinto ezidityanisiweyo, izinto ze-elektroniki zeekhemikhali, izinto ze-nano chemical, irabha ekhethekileyo, i-polyurethane, ii-polyolefins ezisebenza kakuhle, iingubo ezikhethekileyo, ezikhethekileyo Kukho iindidi ezingaphezu kweshumi eziquka izincamathelisi kunye nezongezo ezikhethekileyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo uqhuba uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji lwezixhobo ezintsha zeekhemikhali
Uphuhliso lwezixhobo ezintsha zeekhemikhali eTshayina lwaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo efanelekileyo yokuxhasa neyokumisela yaziswa ngokulandelelana ukudala imeko-bume elungileyo yokukhula kwishishini lezixhobo ezintsha zeekhemikhali laseTshayina. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, uphando lwaseTshayina kwizixhobo ezintsha zeekhemikhali luye lwafezekisa iziphumo ezininzi zophando oluphambili, kwaye izixhobo ezintsha eziphuhlisiwe zisetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwiindawo ezininzi kwaye zizise iindaba ezimnandi kuphuhliso lwamashishini amaninzi eTshayina.

Uhlalutyo lwesicwangciso sobugcisa esinxulumene "neSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-14" kwishishini elitsha lezinto zamakhemikhali

Ijongene "neSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-14", ngenxa yeengxaki ezijongene nazo eli shishini, ulwakhiwo olungenangqiqo, iiteknoloji ezimbalwa zokuqala, ukunqongophala kwenkxaso kwiiteknoloji eziqhelekileyo, kunye neeteknoloji eziphambili ezilawulwa ngabanye, iForam yoPhuhliso loBuchule boShishino oluNtsha lwezinto eziBalulekileyo izimisele ukulungisa iintsilelo, ukuphucula ukusebenza, kunye nokukhuthaza usetyenziso. , Hlala ujonge imisebenzi ephambili kwiinkalo ezine.

Ngokuhambelana ne-"Isikhokelo soPhuhliso lweMinyaka emihlanu seshumi elinesine seShishini leZinto eziNtsha zeKhemikhali" esikhutshwe yi-China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation ngoMeyi ka-2021, kucwangciswe ukuba ngexesha le-"Isicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-14", ingeniso ephambili yeshishini lezinto ezintsha zekhemikhali kwilizwe lam kunye notyalo-mali lweempahla ezizinzileyo kukugcina ukukhula okukhawulezileyo kunye nokuzama ukufikelela kumashishini aphezulu nahlukeneyo ngo-2025, kunye notshintsho olukhulu kwiindlela zophuhliso kunye nophuculo olukhulu kumgangatho wemisebenzi yezoqoqosho.

Uhlalutyo lwendlela eqhuba ngayo ubuchwepheshe kwishishini elitsha lezinto zeekhemikhali ngesicwangciso sokungathathi cala kwekhabhoni kunye nokufikelela kwincopho yekhabhoni

Enyanisweni, icebo le-dual-carbon lihlala liphucula ulwakhiwo lweshishini kwaye liphucula inqanaba lobuchwephesha leshishini ngophuhliso olunemida, kwaye likhuthaza uphuhliso loqoqosho kumgangatho ophezulu kunye noluzinzileyo ngakumbi. Ngokuhlalutya utshintsho lwesakhiwo kwicala lokubonelela kunye nemfuno yeemveliso zeekhemikhali, chaza impembelelo eqhubayo yesi sicwangciso kwishishini elitsha lezixhobo zeekhemikhali.

Impembelelo yenjongo yekhabhoni ezimbini ikakhulu kukuphucula unikezelo kunye nokudala imfuno. Ukuphucula unikezelo kubandakanywa ekucinezelweni kwamandla okuvelisa angasemva kunye nokukhuthaza iinkqubo ezintsha. Amandla amatsha okuvelisa uninzi lweemveliso zeekhemikhali anqongophele ngokungqongqo, ingakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye neemveliso zokukhupha umbane ophezulu kushishino lweekhemikhali zamalahle zemveli. Ke ngoko, ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali ezinokutshintshwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweekhabhoni ezintsha kusetyenziswa ukwandisa izinga lokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikrwada kunye nokunyusa igesi yokukhupha umbane. Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokutshintsha kancinci amandla okuvelisa angasemva akhoyo.

Umzekelo, itekhnoloji yamva nje ye-DMTO-III yeDalian Institute of Chemical Technology ayinciphisi nje kuphela ukusetyenziswa kweyunithi ye-methanol ukuya kwiitoni eziyi-2.66, le catalyst intsha ikwanyusa isivuno se-olefin monomers, iphephe inyathelo lokuqhekeka kwe-C4/C5, kwaye inciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide. Ukongeza, itekhnoloji entsha ye-BASF ithatha indawo yegesi yendalo njengomthombo wobushushu wokuqhekeka kwe-ethylene ngomphunga ngesithando esitsha esinezifudumezi zombane, ezinokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90%.

Ukudalwa kwemfuno kukwaneentsingiselo ezimbini: enye kukwandisa imfuno yokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali ezikhoyo, kwaye enye kukutshintsha izinto ezindala ngezinto ezintsha ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ephantsi. Eyokuqala ithatha amandla amatsha njengomzekelo. Izithuthi ezintsha zamandla zisebenzisa inani elikhulu lezinto ezifana nee-thermoplastic elastomers, ezonyusa ngokuthe ngqo imfuno yezinto ezintsha ezinxulumene nazo zeekhemikhali. Kweyokugqibela, ukutshintshwa kwezinto ezindala ngezinto ezintsha akuyi kunyusa kakhulu inani elipheleleyo lemfuno yokugqibela, kwaye ngaphezulu kuya kuchaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza. Umzekelo, emva kokukhuthazwa kweeplastiki ezibolayo, ukusetyenziswa kweefilimu zeplastiki zemveli kuye kwehla.

Isikhokelo sophuhliso lobugcisa kwiindawo eziphambili zezinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali. Ngokwezinga loshishino lwezinto ezahlulwe-hlulweyo kunye nomgangatho wokhuphiswano, izinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali zahlulwe zibe ziintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zobuchwepheshe kunye namacandelo okusetyenziswa kwazo: izinto zepolymer eziphucukileyo, izinto ezidityanisiweyo ezisebenzayo, kunye nezinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali ezingaphiliyo.

Itekhnoloji yezixhobo zepolymer ephucukileyo

Izixhobo zepolymer eziphambili ziquka irabha yesilicone, ifluoroelastomer, ipolycarbonate, isilicone, ipolytetrafluoroethylene, iiplastiki ezinokubola, ipolyurethane, kunye nee-ion exchange membranes, kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo. Ubuchwepheshe obudumileyo beendidi ezincinci bushwankathelwe kwaye buhlalutywe. Ubuchwepheshe bezinto zepolymer obuphambili baseTshayina busasazeke ngokubanzi kwaye buninzi bezicelo. Phakathi kwazo, amasimi ee-organic polymer compounds kunye nezinto ezisisiseko zombane zisebenza kakhulu.

Izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo ezisebenzayo kakhulu

Iindawo eziphambili zophando kwishishini lezinto ezidityanisiweyo laseTshayina ezisebenza kakuhle zii-organic polymer compounds, izinto zombane ezisisiseko, kunye neendlela okanye izixhobo eziqhelekileyo zomzimba okanye zeekhemikhali, ezimalunga ne-50%; Izinto eziphilayo zemolekyuli zisetyenziswa njengezithako, kwaye iindlela okanye izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuguqula amandla eekhemikhali ngokuthe ngqo abe ngamandla ombane zisebenza kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe.

Izinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali ezingaphiliyo

Okwangoku, izinto ezintsha zeekhemikhali ezingaphiliyo ziquka i-graphene, i-fullerene, i-phosphoric acid ye-elektroniki kunye nezinye iindidi ezincinci. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi, uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji entsha yezinto zeekhemikhali ezingaphiliyo luxinene kakhulu, kwaye iindawo ezisebenzayo zobuchwepheshe obunelungelo lobunikazi zigxile kwizinto zombane ezisisiseko, ii-organic high Molecular compounds, i-inorganic chemistry kunye nezinye iinkalo.

Ngexesha le-"14th Five-Year Plan", urhulumente uqulunqe imigaqo-nkqubo efanelekileyo yokukhuthaza nokukhokela uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweshishini elitsha lezinto zamakhemikhali, kwaye ishishini elitsha lezinto zamakhemikhali libe yenye yeendawo apho imakethi yaseTshayina ikhula kakuhle ngoku. Uhlalutyo olujonge phambili lukholelwa ukuba kwishishini elitsha lezinto zamakhemikhali, kwelinye icala, imigaqo-nkqubo ikhokela indlela yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yeshishini elitsha lezinto zamakhemikhali, kwaye kwelinye icala, imigaqo-nkqubo ilungile kuphuhliso lweshishini elitsha lezinto zamakhemikhali, kwaye emva koko ikhuthaza imali yoluntu ukwandisa uphando olutsha kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji entsha yezixhobo zamakhemikhali. Ngotyalo-mali, umsebenzi wetekhnoloji weshishini elitsha lezinto zamakhemikhali ushushu ngokukhawuleza.