Iqela leCyano line-polarity enamandla kunye nokufunxwa kwee-electron, ngoko ke linokungena nzulu kwiproteni ekujoliswe kuyo ukuze lenze iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye nee-amino acid residues ezibalulekileyo kwindawo esebenzayo. Kwangaxeshanye, iqela le-cyano liyi-bioelectronic isosteric body ye-carbonyl, i-halogen kunye namanye amaqela asebenzayo, enokuphucula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwee-molecules zamachiza amancinci kunye neeproteni ekujoliswe kuzo, ngoko ke isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuguqulweni kwesakhiwo samayeza kunye nee-pesticides [1]. I-cyano emeleyo equlethe amayeza ezonyango ibandakanya i-saxagliptin (Umfanekiso 1), i-verapamil, i-febuxostat, njl.njl. Amayeza ezolimo aquka i-bromofenitrile, i-fipronil, i-fipronil njalo njalo. Ukongeza, ii-cyano compounds nazo zinexabiso elibalulekileyo lokusebenza kwiindawo zevumba elimnandi, izixhobo ezisebenzayo njalo njalo. Umzekelo, i-Citronitrile livumba elitsha le-nitrile lamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye i-4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile yinto ebalulekileyo yokulungiselela izinto zekristale yolwelo. Kuyabonakala ukuba ii-cyano compounds zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezizodwa [2].

Iqela leCyano line-polarity enamandla kunye nokufunxwa kwee-electron, ngoko ke linokungena nzulu kwiproteni ekujoliswe kuyo ukuze lenze iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye nee-amino acid residues ezibalulekileyo kwindawo esebenzayo. Kwangaxeshanye, iqela le-cyano liyi-bioelectronic isosteric body ye-carbonyl, i-halogen kunye namanye amaqela asebenzayo, enokuphucula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwee-molecules zamachiza amancinci kunye neeproteni ekujoliswe kuzo, ngoko ke isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuguqulweni kwesakhiwo samayeza kunye nee-pesticides [1]. I-cyano emeleyo equlethe amayeza ezonyango ibandakanya i-saxagliptin (Umfanekiso 1), i-verapamil, i-febuxostat, njl.njl. Amayeza ezolimo aquka i-bromofenitrile, i-fipronil, i-fipronil njalo njalo. Ukongeza, ii-cyano compounds nazo zinexabiso elibalulekileyo lokusebenza kwiindawo zevumba elimnandi, izixhobo ezisebenzayo njalo njalo. Umzekelo, i-Citronitrile livumba elitsha le-nitrile lamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye i-4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile yinto ebalulekileyo yokulungiselela izinto zekristale yolwelo. Kuyabonakala ukuba ii-cyano compounds zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezizodwa [2].

2.2 i-electrophilic cyanidation reaction ye-enol boride

Iqela likaKensuke Kiyokawa [4] lisebenzise ii-reagents ze-cyanide i-n-cyano-n-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) kunye ne-p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (tscn) ukufezekisa i-cyanidation ye-electrophilic esebenza kakuhle kakhulu yeekhompawundi ze-enol boron (Umfanekiso 3). Ngale nkqubo intsha, i-β-Acetonitrile eyahlukeneyo, kwaye inoluhlu olubanzi lwee-substrates.

2.3 i-organic catalytic stereoselective silico cyanide reaction yee-ketones

Kutshanje, iqela loluhlu lukaBenjamin [5] libike kwijenali iNature ngokwahlukana kwe-2-butanone enantiomeric (Umfanekiso 4a) kunye nempendulo ye-2-butanone engalinganiyo kunye nee-enzymes, ii-organic catalysts kunye nee-transition metal catalysts, kusetyenziswa i-HCN okanye i-tmscn njenge-cyanide reagent (Umfanekiso 4b). Nge-tmscn njenge-cyanide reagent, i-2-butanone kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezinye ii-ketones ziye zachaphazeleka zii-enantioselective silyl cyanide reactions phantsi kweemeko ze-catalytic ze-idpi (Umfanekiso 4C).

Umfanekiso 4 A, ukwahlulwa kwe-enantiomeric ye-2-butanone. b. Ukwahlulwa kwe-cyanidation ye-2-butanone ene-enzymes, ii-organic catalysts kunye nee-transition metal catalysts.

c. I-Idpi ivuselela impendulo ye-silyl cyanide ene-enantioselective ephezulu ye-2-butanone kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezinye ii-ketones.

2.4 ukwehlisa i-cyanidation ye-aldehydes

Ekuhlanganisweni kweemveliso zendalo, i-tosmic eluhlaza isetyenziswa njenge-cyanide reagent ukuguqula ngokulula ii-aldehydes ezithintelweyo zibe zii-nitriles. Le ndlela isetyenziswa ngakumbi ukungenisa i-athomu yekhabhoni eyongezelelweyo kwi-aldehydes kunye nee-ketones. Le ndlela inentsingiselo eyakhayo kwi-Enantiospecific total synthesis ye-jiadifenolide kwaye linyathelo eliphambili ekuhlanganisweni kweemveliso zendalo, njengokuhlanganiswa kweemveliso zendalo ezifana ne-clerodane, i-caribenol A kunye ne-caribenol B [6] (Umfanekiso 5).

2.5 electrochemical cyanide reaction ye-organic amine

Njengeteknoloji yokwenziwa kwe-green synthesis, ukwenziwa kwe-organic electrochemical kuye kwasetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa kwe-organic. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi abaninzi baye bayiqwalasela. Iqela likaPrashanthW. Menezes [7] kutshanje libike ukuba i-aromatic amine okanye i-aliphatic amine inokuxutywa ngqo kwiikhompawundi ze-cyano ezihambelanayo kwisisombululo se-1m KOH (ngaphandle kokongeza i-cyanide reagent) ene-continuous potential ye-1.49vrhe kusetyenziswa i-catalyst ye-Ni2Si engabizi, enemveliso ephezulu (Umfanekiso 6).

Isishwankathelo se-03

Ukwenziwa kweCyanidation yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukususela kwingcamango yekhemistri eluhlaza, ii-reagents ze-cyanide ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo zisetyenziswa endaweni yee-reagents ze-cyanide ezinobuthi neziyingozi, kwaye iindlela ezintsha ezifana ne-solvent-free, non-catalytic kunye ne-microwave irradiation zisetyenziswa ukwandisa ngakumbi ububanzi kunye nobunzulu bophando, ukuze kuveliswe iingenelo ezinkulu zoqoqosho, zentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso [8]. Ngokuqhubeka kophando lwesayensi, ukwenziwa kweCyanide kuya kuphuhliswa ukuya kwisivuno esiphezulu, uqoqosho kunye nekhemistri eluhlaza.