Iqela le-Cyano line-polarity eyomeleleyo kunye nokufunxwa kwe-electron, ngoko inokungena nzulu kwiprotheni ekujoliswe kuyo ukwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye neentsalela eziphambili ze-amino acid kwindawo esebenzayo. Kwangaxeshanye, iqela le-cyano ngumzimba we-bioelectronic isosteric we-carbonyl, i-halogen kunye namanye amaqela asebenzayo, anokuphucula intsebenziswano phakathi kweemolekyuli ezincinci zamachiza kunye neeprotheni ezijoliswe kuzo, ngoko ke isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuhlengahlengiso lwesakhiwo seyeza kunye nezitshabalalisi [1] . I-cyano emeleyo equkethe iziyobisi zonyango ziquka i-saxagliptin (Umfanekiso 1), i-verapamil, i-febuxostat, njl. Amachiza ezolimo aquka ibromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil njalo njalo. Ukongezelela, i-cyano compounds nayo inexabiso elibalulekileyo lesicelo kwiinkalo zevumba, izinto ezisebenzayo kunye nokunye. Ngokomzekelo, i-Citronitrile yi-international entsha ye-nitrile fragrance, kunye ne-4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile yinto ebalulekileyo ekrwada yokulungiselela izinto zekristale zamanzi. Inokubonwa ukuba iikhompawundi zecyano zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezizodwa [2].

Iqela le-Cyano line-polarity eyomeleleyo kunye nokufunxwa kwe-electron, ngoko inokungena nzulu kwiprotheni ekujoliswe kuyo ukwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye neentsalela eziphambili ze-amino acid kwindawo esebenzayo. Kwangaxeshanye, iqela le-cyano ngumzimba we-bioelectronic isosteric we-carbonyl, i-halogen kunye namanye amaqela asebenzayo, anokuphucula intsebenziswano phakathi kweemolekyuli ezincinci zamachiza kunye neeprotheni ezijoliswe kuzo, ngoko ke isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuhlengahlengiso lwesakhiwo seyeza kunye nezitshabalalisi [1] . I-cyano emeleyo equkethe iziyobisi zonyango ziquka i-saxagliptin (Umfanekiso 1), i-verapamil, i-febuxostat, njl. Amachiza ezolimo aquka ibromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil njalo njalo. Ukongezelela, i-cyano compounds nayo inexabiso elibalulekileyo lesicelo kwiinkalo zevumba, izinto ezisebenzayo kunye nokunye. Ngokomzekelo, i-Citronitrile yi-international entsha ye-nitrile fragrance, kunye ne-4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile yinto ebalulekileyo ekrwada yokulungiselela izinto zekristale zamanzi. Inokubonwa ukuba iikhompawundi zecyano zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezizodwa [2].

2.2 electrophilic cyanidation reaction of enol boride

Iqela likaKensuke Kiyokawa [4] lisebenzise i-cyanide reagents n-cyano-n-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) kunye ne-p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (tscn) ukufezekisa i-electrophilic cyanidation ephezulu ye-enol boron compounds (Umfanekiso 3). Ngesi sikimu sitsha, ezahlukeneyo β-Acetonitrile, kwaye inoluhlu olubanzi lwee-substrates.

2.3 i-organic catalytic stereoelective silico cyanide reaction of ketones

Kutshanje, iqela loluhlu lukaBenjamin [5] lixele kwijenali yeNdalo ukwahlula kwe-enantiomeric ye-2-butanone (Umfanekiso 4a) kunye ne-asymmetric cyanide reaction ye-2-butanone ene-enzymes, i-organic catalysts kunye ne-transition metal catalysts, usebenzisa i-HCN okanye i-tmscn njenge-cyanide reagent. (Umfanekiso 4b). Nge-tmscn njenge-reagent ye-cyanide, i-2-butanone kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezinye ii-ketones zixhomekeke kwi-enantioselective silyl cyanide reactions phantsi kweemeko ze-catalytic ze-idpi (Umfanekiso 4C).

Umzobo 4 A, ukuhlukana kwe-enantiomeric ye-2-butanone. b. I-asymmetric cyanidation ye-2-butanone ene-enzymes, i-organic catalysts kunye ne-transition metal catalysts.

c. I-Idpi yenza i-enantioselective silyl cyanide reaction ye-2-butanone kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezinye iiketone.

2.4 i-reductive cyanidation ye-aldehydes

Kwi-synthesis yeemveliso zendalo, i-tosmic eluhlaza isetyenziswa njenge-reagent ye-cyanide ukuguqula ngokulula i-aldehydes ethintelweyo ibe yi-nitriles. Le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukwazisa i-athomu yekhabhoni eyongezelelweyo kwi-aldehydes kunye ne-ketones. Le ndlela inentsingiselo eyakhayo kwi-Enantiospecific total synthesis ye-jiadifenolide kwaye iyinyathelo eliphambili ekuhlanganiseni iimveliso zendalo, ezifana nokuhlanganiswa kweemveliso zendalo ezifana ne-clerodane, i-caribenol A kunye ne-caribenol B [6] (Umfanekiso 5).

2.5 i-electrochemical cyanide reaction ye-organic amine

Njengobuchwephesha be-green synthesis, i-organic electrochemical synthesis isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ze-organic synthesis. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi abaninzi baye banikela ingqalelo kuyo. PrashanthW. Iqela le-Menezes [7] kutshanje liye labika ukuba i-amine enevumba elimnandi okanye i-aliphatic amine inokudityaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-cyano compounds kwi-1m yesisombululo se-KOH (ngaphandle kokongeza i-cyanide reagent) enesakhono esiqhubekayo se-1.49vrhe usebenzisa i-Ni2Si catalyst ephantsi, enesivuno esiphezulu (Umfanekiso 6) .

03 isishwankathelo

I-Cyanidation yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-organic synthesis reaction. Ukuqala kwimbono yekhemikhali eluhlaza, iireagents zecyanide ezinobuhlobo bokusingqongileyo zisetyenziselwa ukufaka indawo ye-cyanide reagents enetyhefu kunye neyingozi, kwaye iindlela ezintsha ezifana ne-solvent-free, non catalytic kunye ne-microwave irradiation zisetyenziselwa ukwandisa umda kunye nobunzulu bophando, ngoko. njengokuvelisa inzuzo enkulu yezoqoqosho, yezentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso [8]. Ngenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo yophando lwenzululwazi, ukusabela kwecyanide kuya kuphuhla kwisivuno esikhulu, uqoqosho kunye nekhemistri eluhlaza.