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Abaphakathi: I-Diestuff intermediates lisebe elibaluleke kakhulu kwishishini lemichiza elungileyo, kwaye uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini le-dyestuff lixhomekeke ekuphuhliseni abaphakathi abahamba nayo.
Ukuveliswa kwedayi kunye ne-pigment intermediates e-China kuye kwaphuhliswa kakhulu ukususela ngo-1950. Ngokukhuphisana okunyukayo kwimarike, i-dyestuff kunye ne-pigment intermediates ziye zaqanjwa kubuchwephesha bemveliso; baye benza impumelelo kwiinkalo ezininzi ezifana nokuphuhlisa iintlobo ezintsha, ukuphucula inkqubo yemveliso, ukuphanda iindlela ezintsha, ukusetyenziswa okutsha kweentlobo zakudala, ukukhusela okusingqongileyo, njl., kunye nokwamkela iteknoloji ecocekileyo yokuvelisa i-dyestuff kunye ne-pigment intermediates.
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Ukuphuhliswa kokusetyenziswa kwaphakathi

Enyanisweni, ukusetyenziswa kophuhliso oluphakathi lunamacala amaninzi, i-intermediate ethile esetyenziswa kwi-dyestuff ebizwa ngokuba yi-dyes intermediates, kwaye isetyenziswe kwi-pesticides, i-pharmaceuticals kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-pesticides, i-pharmaceutical intermediates. Abaphakathi kufuneka bathathelwe ingqalelo njengesebe leshishini lemichiza elilungileyo lilonke, akufuneki lihlulwe ngokungqongqo libe yi-dyestuff intermediates, i-pesticide intermediates, i-pharmaceutical intermediates yi-industry, eya kunciphisa umda wokusetyenziswa kwamanye ama-intermediates kwaye ichaphazele uphuhliso lwabo.

Uphando lwemichiza emihle ephakathi luphawulwa luluhlu olubanzi lweendidi, ukongeza kwiindidi ezimbalwa zesikali semveliso sikhulu kakhulu, uninzi lweentlobo zeetoni azikho zikhulu kakhulu, kodwa inkqubo yokulungiselela idla ngokuntsonkotha, ibandakanya ukuphendulwa kweyunithi kunye nenkqubo yokwahlukana. , imveliso ivelise inani elikhulu "lenkunkuma emithathu" efuna ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, kufuneka sizibandakanye kwinkqubo yophando lweemveliso zothotho kwaye siququzelele ukuveliswa kwabaphakathi ngokufanelekileyo ukuze sifumane izibonelelo zesikali esilungileyo.

Ukusuka kwimeko yamazwe angaphandle, uphando kunye nokuveliswa kwabaphakathi badla ngokugxilwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuphumeza imveliso yochungechunge, iseti yezixhobo zemveliso inokuvelisa iintlobo ezininzi ukuya kwishumi elinesibini labaphakathi, uphando olunjalo kunye nemveliso ngophuhliso olupheleleyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuvelisa. iteknoloji entsha kulula ukuyisebenzisa, iya kufezekisa kabini umphumo ngesiqingatha somzamo. Imeko yaseJapan ingaba yereferensi yethu, imveliso yokuqala ye-intermediates eJapan nayo ihlakazekile kakhulu, ukusuka kwi-1960 ibe ngamaxesha asixhenxe ukulungelelanisa, ukugxila.

Ngokusebenzisa inguqu kunye nophuhliso, ukudaya kunye ne-pigment intermediates ishishini laseTshayina lifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu malunga nomlinganiselo wemveliso, iteknoloji kunye nenqanaba lesixhobo, elingenako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso loshishino lwasekhaya lokudaya kunye ne-pigment, kodwa lubonelela ngomgangatho ophakathi. kumazwe angaphandle.

Izinto eziyimfuneko zokwenziwa kwe-intermediates zifumaneka ikakhulu kwiimveliso zepetroleum kunye ne-coking chemical industry, uninzi lwayo ibenzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone ikhompawundi, kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ze-heterocyclic, kunye ne-organic pigments elungiselelwe kunye ne-heterocyclic compounds intermediates. ukwanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukongeza, i-phenanthrene, i-pyridine, i-oxygen fluorene, i-quinoline, i-indole, i-carbazole, i-biphenyl series of compounds, ezi zixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweedayi, ngoko ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza zokwenziwa kuya kuxhaphaka kwaye kuxhaphake.
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Iimpendulo zemichiza eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa abaphakathi

Ukusetyenzwa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada kwidayi (umbala) phakathi kwezona mpendulo zixhaphakileyo zemichiza zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.
(1) ukusabela kwe-sulfonation
(2) Ukusabela kwenitrogen
(3) ukusabela kwe-halogenation
(4) Ukusabela kokunciphisa ukulungiselela i-amino
(5) I-diazotization reaction (ihlala ihamba kunye ne-coupling reaction)
(6) i-alkali fusion reaction to replace group sulfonic acid to hydroxyl
(7) Ukusabela kwe-acylation
(8) Ukusabela kwe-oxidation
(9) i-condensation kunye ne-carbonation reaction
(10) Ukusabela kokuvumba (ikakhulu iiamino)
(11) ukusabela okuhambelanayo kwe-hydroxyl kunye namaqela e-amino
(12) i-hydroxyl okanye i-amino hydrocarbonation reaction
Ngokokwakheka kweringi emnandi yeekhemikhali eziphakathi, iziphakathi zinokwahlulwa zibe yinkqubo ye-aliphatic, inkqubo yebenzene, inkqubo ye-naphthalene, inkqubo ye-anthraquinone, inkqubo ye-heterocyclic kunye nenkqubo yeringi engqindilili. Ilizwe lethu linokuvelisa ngaphezu kwe-400 iintlobo ze-intermediates ezifana ne-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone, i-heterocyclic kunye nezinye izinto zokudaya kunye ne-pigment intermediates, ezinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso lwe-dayi kunye ne-pigment industry.
Umfanekiso
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Iindidi eziphambili ze-benzene system

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N- ethylaniline, m-hydroxy-diethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o- kunye ne-p-aminoanisole, DSD N-methyl-m-toluidine , N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N -methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N -ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxyaniline, 2-4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy -3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- kunye ne-para-esters, njl.
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I-Naphthalene-based intermediates iintlobo eziphambili

I-2-naphthol, i-H-acid, i-K-acid, i-2,3-acid, i-2,6-acid, i-tartaric acid, i-6-nitro-1, i-2, i-4-acid oxygenate, i-J-acid, i-peri-asidi, i-γ- i-asidi, i-G-ityuwa, i-R-ityuwa, i-amino K-acid, i-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, i-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, i-1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R- iasidi, njl. Iindidi eziphambili ze-anthraquinone-based intermediates zezi: i-anthraquinone, i-1-amino anthraquinone, i-1,4-diamino anthraquinone, i-1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, i-1,5-diamino anthraquinone, i-1-amino-5-benzoyl i-anthraquinone, i-1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, i-1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, i-1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, njl.
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Iintlobo eziphambili ze-Heterocyclic kunye ne-thick-ringed

I-Melamine, i-barbituric acid, i-2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, i-2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, i-2-amino thiazole, i-dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N- ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, tetracarboxylic anhydride, njl.