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molo, lo ngu-CEO u-Athena ovela kwishishini leekhemikhali i-mit-ivy eTshayina.
Izinto eziPhakathi: Izinto eziPhakathi zeDyestuff zicandelo elibaluleke kakhulu kushishino lweekhemikhali ezintle, kwaye uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo kushishino lweedayi luxhomekeke kuphuhliso lwezinto eziPhakathi ezihamba nalo.
Ukuveliswa kwezinto ezidibanisa imibala kunye ne-pigment eTshayina kuye kwaphuhliswa kakhulu ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950. Ngenxa yokhuphiswano olukhulayo kwimarike, izinto ezidibanisa imibala kunye ne-pigment ziye zaphuhliswa kubuchwepheshe bemveliso; zenze inkqubela phambili kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokuphuhlisa iintlobo ezintsha, ukuphucula inkqubo yemveliso, ukuphanda iindlela ezintsha, ukusetyenziswa okutsha kweentlobo ezindala, ukukhusela okusingqongileyo, njl.njl., kunye nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obucocekileyo bokuvelisa izinto ezidibanisa imibala kunye ne-pigment.
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Uphuhliso lokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphakathi

Enyanisweni, ukusetyenziswa kophuhliso lwe-intermediates kuneenkalo ezininzi, i-intermediate ethile esetyenziswa kwi-dyestuff ebizwa ngokuba yi-dye intermediates, kwaye isetyenziswa kwi-pesticides, pharmaceuticals kunye ne-pesticides, pharmaceutical intermediates. I-Intermediates kufuneka ithathwe njengesebe leshishini leekhemikhali ezintle lilonke, akufuneki yahlulwe ngokungqongqo ibe yi-dyestuff intermediates, i-pesticides intermediates, i-pharmaceutical intermediates ngokweshishini, nto leyo eya kunciphisa umda wokusetyenziswa kwezinye i-intermediates kwaye ichaphazele uphuhliso lwazo.

Uphando lwe-Fine chemical intermediates luphawulwa ziintlobo ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, ukongeza kwiintlobo ezimbalwa zemveliso enkulu kakhulu, uninzi lweentlobo ze-tonnage azinkulu kakhulu, kodwa inkqubo yokulungiselela idla ngokuba nzima, ibandakanya iimpendulo ezininzi zeeyunithi kunye nenkqubo yokwahlulahlula, imveliso ikwavelisa inani elikhulu "lenkunkuma ezintathu" ekufuneka iphathwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, kufuneka sibandakanyeke kuphando lwenkqubo yeemveliso zochungechunge kwaye silungiselele imveliso ye-intermediates ngokufanelekileyo ukuze sifumane iingenelo ezilungileyo zesikali.

Kwimeko yamazwe angaphandle, uphando kunye nemveliso yezinto eziphakathi zidla ngokugxininiswa ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kufezekiswe imveliso yochungechunge, iseti yezixhobo zemveliso inokuvelisa iintlobo ezininzi ukuya kwezilishumi elinesibini zezinto eziphakathi, uphando olunjalo kunye nemveliso ngophuhliso olupheleleyo, ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji entsha kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kuya kufezekisa iziphumo eziphindwe kabini ngesiqingatha somzamo. Imeko yaseJapan inokuba yeyokubhekisela kuthi, imveliso yokuqala yezinto eziphakathi eJapan nayo isasazeke kakhulu, ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kuye kwaba kasixhenxe ukulungisa, ukugxila.

Ngotshintsho nophuhliso, ishishini laseTshayina lokudaya nokufaka imibala lifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngokwezinga lemveliso, ubuchwepheshe kunye nenqanaba lezixhobo, elingenakuhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso lweshishini lokudaya nokufaka imibala lasekhaya kuphela, kodwa likwabonelela ngezixhobo ezisemgangathweni ngakumbi kumazwe angaphandle.

Izinto ezifunekayo ekuhlanganiseni izinto eziphakathi zifunyanwa kakhulu kwiimveliso zepetroleum kunye neekhemikhali zokupheka, uninzi lwazo ziyi-benzene, i-naphthalene, iikhompawundi ze-anthraquinone, kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ze-heterocyclic, kwaye ii-pigments ze-organic ezilungiselelwe ngeekhompawundi ze-heterocyclic ziyanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukongeza, i-phenanthrene, i-pyridine, i-oxygen fluorene, i-quinoline, i-indole, i-carbazole, uthotho lweekhompawundi ze-biphenyl, ezi zinto zintsonkothileyo ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni iidayi, emva koko ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza zokwenziwa kuya kusasazeka kakhulu kwaye kuqheleke.
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Iimpendulo zeekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa izinto eziphakathi

Ukucutshungulwa kwezinto ezikrwada zibe zizinto eziphakathi kwedayi (umbala) zezona mpendulo zeekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zezi zilandelayo.
(1) impendulo ye-sulfonation
(2) Impendulo ye-nitration
(3) impendulo ye-halogenation
(4) Ukunciphisa impendulo yokulungiselela i-amino
(5) I-Diazotization reaction (idla ngokuhamba ne-coupling reaction)
(6) impendulo ye-alkali fusion ukuze ithathe indawo yeqela le-sulfonic acid ibe yi-hydroxyl
(7) Impendulo ye-Acylation
(8) Impendulo ye-oxidation
(9) ukusabela kokufuma kunye ne-carbonation
(10) Impendulo ye-aromatization (ikakhulukazi i-amino)
(11) impendulo yokutshintshwa kwamaqela e-hydroxyl kunye nama-amino
(12) i-hydroxyl okanye i-amino hydrocarbonation reaction
Ngokwesakhiwo seringi ephambili ye-aromatic ye-fine chemical intermediates, i-intermediates inokwahlulwa ibe yi-aliphatic system, i-benzene system, i-naphthalene system, i-anthraquinone system, i-heterocyclic system kunye ne-thick ring system. Ilizwe lethu linokuvelisa iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-400 ze-intermediates ezifana ne-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone, i-heterocyclic kunye nezinye i-daying and pigment intermediates, ezinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso lwe-daying and pigment industry.
Umfanekiso
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Iindidi eziphambili zenkqubo ye-benzene

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxy-diethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o- kunye ne-p-aminoanisole, DSD N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, I-N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. i-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, i-N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, i-p-toluidine, i-ethoxyaniline, i-2-4-dimethylaniline, i-4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, i-4-methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, i-4-methoxy-3-amino-N, i-N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, i-2,4,5-trichloroaniline, i-m- kunye ne-para-esters, njl.
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Iindidi eziphambili zeNaphthalene

I-2-naphthol, i-H-acid, i-K-acid, i-2,3-acid, i-2,6-acid, i-tartaric acid, i-6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, i-J-acid, i-peri-acid, i-γ-acid, i-G-acid, ityuwa ye-R, i-amino K-acid, i-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, i-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, i-1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R-acid, njl. Iindidi eziphambili ze-anthraquinone-based intermediates zezi: i-anthraquinone, i-1-amino anthraquinone, i-1,4-diamino anthraquinone, i-1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, i-1,5-diamino anthraquinone, i-1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, i-1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, I-1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, i-1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, njl.
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Iintlobo eziphambili ze-Heterocyclic kunye ne-thick-ringed

I-Melamine, i-barbituric acid, i-2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, i-2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, i-2-amino thiazole, i-dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, i-naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, i-tetracarboxylic anhydride, njl.njl.