. Ukuqina kwelaphu okuphambili okuthandathu

1. Ukukhawuleza okukhaphukhaphu

Ukuqina kokukhanya kubhekisa kwinqanaba lokutshintsha kombala welaphu elinombala lilanga. Indlela yokuvavanya ingaba kukukhanya kwelanga okanye ukukhanya komatshini emini. Ukuphakama kwesampulu emva kokukhanya kuthelekiswa nesampulu yombala eqhelekileyo. Yahlulwe yangamanqanaba asi-8, isi-8 sesona silungileyo, kwaye isi-1 sesona sibi kakhulu. Amalaphu anokukhanya okuncinci akufuneki abekwe elangeni ixesha elide, kwaye kufuneka abekwe kwindawo enomoya ukuze ome emthunzini.

2. Ukukhuhla ngokukhawuleza

Ukuqina kokuhlikihla kubhekisa kwinqanaba lokutshintsha kombala welaphu elidayiweyo emva kokuhlikihla, elinokwahlulwahlulwa libe kukuhlikihla okomileyo kunye nokuhlikihla okumanzi. Ukuqina kokuhlikihla kuvavanywa ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba lokudaya kwelaphu elimhlophe, kwaye lahlulwe libe ngamanqanaba ama-5 (1 ~ 5). Okukhona ixabiso lilikhulu, kokukhona ukuhlikihla kungcono. Ubomi benkonzo yelaphu elinokuqina kokuhlikihla okubi bulinganiselwe.

3. Ukuhlamba ngokukhawuleza

Ukuqina kokuhlamba okanye ukusefa kubhekisa kwinqanaba lokutshintsha kombala kwilaphu elidayiweyo emva kokuhlanjwa ngolwelo lokuhlanjwa. Ngokwesiqhelo, ikhadi lesampulu eligreyidi lisetyenziswa njengomgangatho wovavanyo, oko kukuthi, umahluko wombala phakathi kwesampulu yokuqala kunye nesampulu ephelileyo usetyenziselwa ukugweba. Ukuqina kokuhlamba kwahlulwe ngamabakala ama-5, ibanga lesi-5 lelona lilungileyo kwaye ibanga loku-1 lelona libi kakhulu. Amalaphu aqinileyo ekuhlanjweni kufuneka ahlanjwe ngokumanzi. Ukuba ahlanjwe ngamanzi, iimeko zokuhlanjwa kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngakumbi, njengokuba ubushushu bokuhlamba akufuneki bube phezulu kakhulu kwaye ixesha akufuneki libe lide kakhulu.

4. Ukukhawuleza kokuayina

Ukungatshisi i-ayina kubhekisa kwinqanaba lokutshintsha kombala okanye ukufiphala kwamalaphu adayiweyo ngexesha loku-ayina. Umgangatho wokutshintsha umbala nokufiphala uvavanywa ngokudaya kwe-ayina kwamanye amalaphu ngaxeshanye. Ukungatshisi i-ayina kwahlulwe ngokwamabakala oku-1 ukuya ku-5, apho ibanga lesi-5 lilelona lilungileyo kwaye ibanga loku-1 lilelona libi kakhulu. Xa kuvavanywa ukutyisi i-ayina kwamalaphu ahlukeneyo, kufuneka kukhethwe ubushushu be-ayina esetyenzisiweyo kuvavanyo.

5. Ukubila ngokukhawuleza

Ukuqina kokubila kubhekisa kwinqanaba lokutshintsha kombala welaphu elidayiweyo emva kokuntywiliselwa kukubila. Ukuqina kokubila akufani nokwakheka kokubila okulungiselelwe ngokwenziwa, ngoko ke ngokuqhelekileyo kuvavanywa ngokudibeneyo nezinye iziqiniseko zombala ukongeza kumlinganiselo owahlukileyo. Ukuqina kokubila kwahlulwe ngamabakala ali-1 ukuya kwama-5, okukhona ixabiso lilikhulu, kokukhona lingcono.

6. Ukukhawuleza kwe-Sublimation

Ukuqina kwe-sublimation kubhekisa kwinqanaba lokufakelwa kwelaphu elidayiweyo kwindawo yokugcina. Ukuqina kwe-sublimation kuvavanywa ngekhadi lesampulu eligreyidiweyo ukuze kubonwe ukuba ilaphu elimhlophe litshintsha umbala, linyamalale kwaye lidaywe emva konyango lokucinezela ngobushushu obomileyo. Kukho amabakala ama-5, eli-1 lelona libi kakhulu, kwaye eli-5 lelona lilungileyo. Ukuqina kwelaphu eliqhelekileyo kudla ngokufuneka ukuze kufikelele kwinqanaba lesi-3 ukuya kwelesi-4 ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokunxiba.

, Indlela yokulawula ukukhawuleza okwahlukeneyo

Amandla elaphu okugcina umbala walo wokuqala emva kokudaya angabonakaliswa ngokuvavanya ukuqina kwemibala eyahlukeneyo. Iimpawu ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ukuvavanya ukuqina kokudaya ziquka ukuqina kokuhlanjwa kwelaphu, ukuqina kokuhlikihla, ukuqina kwelanga, ukuqina kokuhlikihla njalo njalo. Okukhona ukuqina kokuhlanjwa, ukuhlikihla, ilanga kunye nokuhlikihla kwelaphu, kokukhona ukuqina kwelaphu kubhetele.

Kukho izinto ezimbini eziphambili ezichaphazela ukukhawulezisa okungentla:

Eyokuqala ziimpawu zedayi

Okwesibini kukwenziwa kwedaya kunye nenkqubo yokugqiba

Ukukhethwa kweedayi ezineempawu ezilungileyo sisiseko sokuphucula ukukhawuleza kokudaya, kwaye ukwenziwa kweteknoloji efanelekileyo yokudaya nokugqiba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukukhawuleza kokudaya. Ezi zimbini ziyahambelana kwaye azinakulinganiswa.

Ukuhlamba ngokukhawuleza

Ukuqina kokuhlamba kwelaphu kuquka iinkalo ezimbini: ukuqina kokuphela kunye nokuqina kokudaya. Ngokubanzi, okukhona ukuqina kokuphela kwelaphu, kokukhona ukuqina kokudaya kusiba kubi.

Xa uvavanya ukuqina kombala welaphu, ungamisela ukuqina kombala welaphu ngokuvavanya ukuqina kombala welaphu kwiifayibha ezintandathu ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zelaphu (iifayibha ezintandathu ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zelaphu zihlala ziquka i-polyester, i-nylon, umqhaphu, i-acetate, uboya okanye isilika, ifayibha ye-acrylic. Malunga neefayibha ezintandathu ezifakwe ungqimba lombala ngokubanzi yinkampani yokuhlola ezimeleyo eqeqeshiweyo ukuze igqitywe, olu vavanyo alunamkhethe) kwiimveliso zefayibha ye-cellulose, ukuqina kokuhlamba kweedayi ezisabelayo kungcono kunedayi ethe ngqo, iidayi ze-azo ezinganyibilikiyo kunye nenkqubo yokudaya idayi ye-VAT kunye ne-sulfur xa kuthelekiswa needayi ezisabelayo kunye needayi ezithe ngqo ziyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi, ngoko ke umva ezintathu ezibalaseleyo zokuqina kokuhlamba kwedayi. Ke ngoko, ukuphucula ukuqina kokuhlamba kweemveliso zefayibha ye-cellulose, akufuneki nje kuphela ukukhetha idayi efanelekileyo, kodwa nokukhetha inkqubo efanelekileyo yokudaya. Ukuqina ngokufanelekileyo kokuhlamba, ukulungisa kunye nokusepha kunokuphucula ukuqina kokuhlamba.

Ngokuphathelele umbala onzulu wefayibha yepolyester, lo gama nje ilaphu lincitshisiwe kwaye licociwe, ukukhawuleza kokuhlamba emva kokudaya kunokuhlangabezana neemfuno zomthengi. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwelaphu lepolyester yi-pad cationic organic silicon softener egqityiweyo ukuphucula ilaphu livakala lithambile, kwangaxeshanye, isini se-anion kwi-dispersants yedayi esasazekileyo yedayi kwilaphu lepolyester enobushushu obuphezulu ukugqiba uyilo olunokudlulisa ubushushu kunye nokusasazwa kumphezulu wefayibha, ngoko ke ukuma kwelaphu lepolyester elinombala onzulu emva kokukhawuleza kokuhlamba akunakufanele kuqinisekiswe. Oku kufuna ukuba ukhetho lweedayi ezisasazekileyo lungacingi kuphela ngokukhawuleza kokuhlamba kweedayi ezisasazekileyo, kodwa luqwalasele nokudluliselwa kobushushu kweedayi ezisasazekileyo. Zininzi iindlela zokuvavanya ukukhawuleza kokuhlamba kweelaphu, ngokwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yovavanyo ukuvavanya ukukhawuleza kokuhlamba kweelaphu, siya kufumana isiphelo sesebe.

Xa abathengi bamanye amazwe bebeka phambili ii-index ezithile zokukhawuleza kokuhlamba, ukuba banokubeka phambili imigangatho ethile yovavanyo, kuya kuba luncedo kunxibelelwano olugudileyo phakathi kwamacala omabini. Ukuhlamba okuphuculweyo kunye nonyango emva konyango kunokuphucula ukuqina kokuhlamba kwelaphu, kodwa kwanokunyusa izinga lokunciphisa imboni yokudaya. Ukufumana izicoci ezisebenzayo, ukwenza ngokukuko inkqubo yokudaya kunye nokugqiba, kunye nokuqinisa uphando ngenkqubo yokuhamba kwexesha elifutshane akunakuphucula kuphela ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, kodwa kunegalelo ekongeni amandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya.

Ukukhawuleza kokungqubana

Ukuqina kokugutyulwa kwelaphu kufana nokuqina kokuhlamba, oku kuquka iinkalo ezimbini:

Enye kukukhawuleza kokugutyula okomileyo kwaye enye kukukhawuleza kokugutyula okumanzi. Kulula kakhulu ukujonga ukukhawuleza kokugutyula okomileyo kunye nokukhawuleza kokugutyula okumanzi kwelaphu ngokuthelekisa nekhadi lesampulu etshintsha umbala kunye nekhadi lesampulu yokudaya imibala. Ngokubanzi, umlinganiselo wokukhawuleza kokugutyula okomileyo uphezulu malunga nenqanaba elinye kunelo lokukhawuleza kokugutyula okumanzi xa kuhlolwa ukuqina kokugutyula kwelaphu elinombala onzulu ogxininisiweyo. Umzekelo, ilaphu lomqhaphu elidaywe ngqo ngedayi emnyama, nangona ngokusebenzisa unyango olusebenzayo lokulungisa umbala, kodwa ukukhawuleza kokugutyula okomileyo kunye nokukhawuleza kokugutyula okumanzi akuphezulu kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha akunakuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi. Ukuze kuphuculwe ukukhawuleza kokugutyula, iidayi ezisabelayo, iidayi ze-VAT kunye needayi ze-azo ezinganyibilikiyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekudayini. Ukuqinisa ukujonga idayi, unyango lokulungisa kunye nokuhlamba isepha ziindlela ezisebenzayo zokuphucula ukuqina kokugutyula kwelaphu. Ukuze kuphuculwe ukuqina kokugutyula okumanzi kweemveliso zefayibha ye-cellulose enzulu egxininisiweyo, ii-auxiliaries ezikhethekileyo zinokukhethwa ukuphucula ukuqina kokugutyula okumanzi kweemveliso zelaphu, kwaye ukukhawuleza kokugutyula okumanzi kweemveliso kunokuphuculwa ngokucacileyo ngokufaka ii-auxiliaries ezikhethekileyo kwiimveliso ezigqityiweyo.

Kwimveliso emnyama ye-filament yefayibha yamakhemikhali, ukuqina kokuhlikihla okumanzi kweemveliso kunokuphuculwa ngokongeza inani elincinci le-arhente yokuthintela amanzi ye-fluorine xa imveliso egqityiweyo igqityiwe. Xa i-polyamide fiber idaywe ngedayi ye-asidi, ukuqina kokuhlikihla okumanzi kwelaphu le-polyamide kunokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa i-arhente yokulungisa ekhethekileyo yefayibha ye-nylon. Umgangatho wokuqina kokuhlikihla okumanzi unokuncipha kuvavanyo lokuqina kokuhlikihla okumanzi kwemveliso egqityiweyo emnyama kuba iifayibha ezimfutshane kumphezulu welaphu lemveliso egqityiweyo ziya kuphuma ngokucacileyo kunezinye iimveliso.

Ukukhawuleza kwelanga

Ukukhanya kwelanga kune-wave-particle duality kwaye kunempembelelo enamandla kwisakhiwo se-molecular se-dyestuff ngokudlulisela amandla ngendlela ye-photon.

Xa isakhiwo esisisiseko senxalenye ye-chromogenic yesakhiwo sedayi sitshatyalaliswa yi-photons, umbala wokukhanya okhutshwa ngumzimba we-chromogenic yedayi uya kutshintsha, ngesiqhelo umbala uba lula, ude ungabi nambala. Utshintsho lombala wedayi lubonakala ngakumbi xa kukho ukukhanya kwelanga, kwaye ukukhawuleza kwelanga kwedayi kubi. Ukuze kuphuculwe ukukhawuleza kwelanga kwedayi, abavelisi bedayi basebenzise iindlela ezininzi. Ukunyusa ubunzima beemolekyuli zedayi, ukwandisa amathuba okuba yinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwedayi, ukwandisa ukuhambelana kwedayi kunye nobude benkqubo ye-conjugate kunokuphucula ukukhawuleza kokukhanya kwedayi.

Kwidayi ze-phthalocyanine, ezinokufikelela ekukhanyeni kwebanga lesi-8, ukukhanya kunye nokuqina kokukhanya kweedayi kunokuphuculwa ngokucacileyo ngokongeza ii-ion zesinyithi ezifanelekileyo kwinkqubo yokudaya kunye nokugqiba ukwenza iimolekyuli ezintsonkothileyo ngaphakathi kweedayi. Kwidayi, ukukhetha iidayi ezinokuqina okungcono kwelanga yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuphuculeni umgangatho weemveliso zokuqina kwelanga. Akucaci ukuphucula ukuqina kwelanga kweedayi ngokutshintsha inkqubo yokudaya kunye nokugqiba.

Ukukhawuleza kwe-Sublimation

Ngokuphathelele iidayi ezisasazekileyo, umgaqo wokudaya weefayibha zepolyester wahlukile kwezinye iidayi, ngoko ke ukukhawulezisa kwe-sublimation kunokuchaza ngokuthe ngqo ukumelana nobushushu kweedayi ezisasazekileyo.

Kwezinye iidayi, ukuvavanya ukuqina kwe-ayina kweedayi kunye nokuvavanya ukuqina kwe-sublimation yeedayi kunentsingiselo efanayo. Ukumelana nedayi kwi-sublimation fastness akulunganga, kwimeko eshushu eyomileyo, imeko eqinileyo yedayi kulula ukuyihlukanisa ngokuthe ngqo ngaphakathi kwefayibha kwimeko yegesi. Ke ngoko, ukuqina kwe-dye sublimation kunokuchaza ngokungathanga ngqo ukuqina kwe-ayina yelaphu.

Ukuze siphucule ukukhawuleza kokufakwa kwedayi, kufuneka siqale kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

1, eyokuqala kukukhetha iidayi

Ubunzima beemolekyuli bukhulu, kwaye ulwakhiwo olusisiseko lwedayi lufana okanye lufana nolwakhiwo lwefayibha, olunokuphucula ukuqina kwe-sublimation yelaphu.

2, okwesibini kukuphucula inkqubo yokudaya nokugqiba

Yehlisa ngokupheleleyo ubukhristalo benxalenye yekristale yesakhiwo se-macromolecular yefayibha, uphucule ubukhristalo bengingqi engenasimo se-amorphous, ukuze ubukhristalo phakathi kwengaphakathi lefayibha bufane, ukuze idayi ingene ngaphakathi kwefayibha, kwaye indibaniselwano phakathi kwefayibha ifane ngakumbi. Oku akunakuphucula kuphela inqanaba lokulinganisa, kodwa kuphucule nokuqina kwe-sublimation yokudaya. Ukuba ubukhristalo benxalenye nganye yefayibha abulingani ngokwaneleyo, uninzi lwedayi luhlala kwisakhiwo esikhululekileyo sengingqi engenasimo se-amorphous, ngoko ke kwimeko egqithisileyo yeemeko zangaphandle, idayi ikwanokuhlulwa kwindawo engenasimo se-amorphous yengaphakathi lefayibha, i-sublimation iye kumphezulu welaphu, ngaloo ndlela inciphise ukuqina kwe-sublimation yelaphu.

Ukukhuhla kunye nokufakelwa kweempahla zekotoni kunye nokufakelwa kwangaphambili kunye nokufakelwa kwangaphambili kwazo zonke izinto ze-polyester ziinkqubo zokulinganisela ubukrelekrele bangaphakathi beefayibha. Emva kokukhuhla kunye nokufakelwa kweempahla zekotoni, emva kokukhuhla kwangaphambili kunye nelaphu le-polyester elimiselweyo, ubunzulu bokudaywa kwayo kunye nokukhawuleza kokudaywa kunokuphuculwa kakhulu.

Ukuqina kwelaphu elithambileyo kunokuphuculwa ngokucacileyo ngokuqinisa emva konyango kunye nokuhlanjwa kunye nokususa umbala omninzi odadayo kumphezulu. Ukuqina kwelaphu elithambileyo kunokuphuculwa ngokucacileyo ngokunciphisa ubushushu bokuseta ngokufanelekileyo. Ingxaki yokunciphisa uzinzo lobukhulu belaphu olubangelwa kukupholisa inokubuyiselwa ngokunciphisa isantya sokuseta ngokufanelekileyo. Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe nempembelelo yezongezo ekuqineni kokudaya xa kukhethwe iarhente yokugqiba. Umzekelo, xa kusetyenziswa izithambisi zecationic ekugqityweni okuthambileyo kwamalaphu e-polyester, ukufuduka kobushushu beedayi ezisasazekileyo kunokukhokelela kuvavanyo lokuqina kwe-sublimation lweedayi ezisasazekileyo ezingaphumeleliyo. Ngokwembono yohlobo lobushushu bedayi esasazekileyo ngokwayo, idayi esasazekileyo enobushushu obuphezulu inokuqina kwe-sublimation okungcono.