Iidayi zeasidi, iidayi ezithe ngqo kunye needayi ezisabelayo zonke ziidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini. Imveliso ngo-2001 yayiziitoni ezingama-30,000, iitoni ezingama-20,000 kunye neetoni ezingama-45,000, ngokwahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elide, amashishini edayi elizwe lam aye anikela ingqalelo engakumbi kuphuhliso kunye nophando lweedayi ezintsha zesakhiwo, ngelixa uphando malunga nokulungiswa kweedayi emva kokusetyenziswa kwazo belubuthathaka. Iireagents zokumisela ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini ziquka i-sodium sulfate (i-sodium sulfate), i-dextrin, i-starch derivatives, i-sucrose, i-urea, i-naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, njl. Ezi reagents zokumisela zixutywe nedayi yokuqala ngokulingana ukuze kufumaneke amandla afunekayo. Iimveliso, kodwa azikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuprinta kunye nokudaya kushishino lokuprinta kunye nokudaya. Nangona ezi dayi zixutyiweyo apha ngasentla zibiza kancinci, azinamanzi kwaye azinyibiliki kakuhle, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuziqhelanisa neemfuno zemarike yamazwe ngamazwe kwaye zingathunyelwa ngaphandle kuphela njengeedayi zokuqala. Ke ngoko, ekuthengisweni kweedayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini, ukumanzi kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi ziingxaki ekufuneka zisonjululwe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kufuneka kuthenjelwe kuzo izongezo ezifanelekileyo.

Unyango lokufuma kwedayi
Ngokubanzi, ukumanzisa kukutshintshwa kolwelo (olufanele lube yigesi) phezu komphezulu ngomnye ulwelo. Ngokukodwa, umgubo okanye ujongano lwegranular kufuneka lube lujongano lwegesi/oluqinileyo, kwaye inkqubo yokumanzisa kuxa ulwelo (amanzi) luthatha indawo yegesi kumphezulu weesuntswana. Kuyabonakala ukuba ukumanzisa yinkqubo ebonakalayo phakathi kwezinto ezikumphezulu. Kwidayi emva konyango, ukumanzisa kudla ngokudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokubanzi, idayi icutshungulwa ibe yimeko eqinileyo, efana nomgubo okanye igranule, ekufuneka imanziswe ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Ke ngoko, ukumanzisa kwedayi kuya kuchaphazela ngqo isiphumo sokusetyenziswa. Umzekelo, ngexesha lenkqubo yokunyibilikisa, idayi kunzima ukuyimanzisa kwaye idada emanzini ayifuneki. Ngokuphucuka okuqhubekayo kweemfuno zomgangatho wedayi namhlanje, ukusebenza kokumanzisa kube yenye yeempawu zokulinganisa umgangatho wedayi. Amandla ongaphezulu kwamanzi yi-72.75mN/m kwi-20℃, ehla ngokunyuka kobushushu, ngelixa amandla ongaphezulu kwezinto eziqinileyo engatshintshi ngokusisiseko, ngokubanzi ingaphantsi kwe-100mN/m. Ngokwesiqhelo iimetali kunye nee-oxides zazo, iityuwa ezingaphiliyo, njl.njl. kulula ukuzimanzisa. Zimanzi, zibizwa ngokuba ngamandla aphezulu omphezulu. Amandla omphezulu wezinto eziphilayo eziqinileyo kunye neepolymers ayafana nalawo olwelo oluqhelekileyo, olubizwa ngokuba ngamandla aphantsi omphezulu, kodwa luyatshintsha ngobukhulu be-particle eqinileyo kunye nenqanaba le-porosity. Okukhona ubukhulu be-particle buncinci, kokukhona inqanaba lokwakheka kwe-porous liphezulu, kunye nomphezulu. Amandla aphezulu, ubungakanani buxhomekeke kwi-substrate. Ke ngoko, ubungakanani be-particle yedayi kufuneka bube buncinci. Emva kokuba idayi icutshungulwe ngokucubungula okwenziwa ngorhwebo okufana nokukhupha ityuwa kunye nokusila kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ubungakanani be-particle yedayi buba bucothayo, i-crystallinity iyancitshiswa, kwaye isigaba sekristale siyatshintsha, nto leyo ephucula amandla omphezulu wedayi kwaye incede ukumanzisa.

Unyango lokunyibilika kwedayi ye-asidi
Ngokusebenzisa umlinganiselo omncinci wokuhlamba kunye netekhnoloji yokudaya ngokuqhubekayo, izinga lokusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo ekuprinteni nasekudayeni liye laphuculwa ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuvela kwezizalisi kunye neepaste ezizenzekelayo, kunye nokungeniswa kweedayi ezingamanzi kufuna ukulungiswa kotywala bedayi obunoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nozinzo oluphezulu kunye neepaste zokuprinta. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyibilika kweedayi ezine-acidic, reactive kunye ne-direct kwimveliso yedayi yasekhaya kumalunga ne-100g/L kuphela, ngakumbi kwiidayi ze-asidi. Ezinye iintlobo zimalunga ne-20g/L kuphela. Ukunyibilika kwedayi kunxulumene nesakhiwo semolekyuli yedayi. Okukhona ubunzima bemolekyuli buphezulu kwaye amaqela e-sulfonic acid ambalwa, kokukhona ukunyibilika kuphantsi; kungenjalo, kokukhona kuphezulu. Ukongeza, ukucutshungulwa kweedayi ngorhwebo kubaluleke kakhulu, kubandakanya indlela yokwenza idayi ibe kristalllization, izinga lokusila, ubungakanani besuntswana, ukongezwa kwezongezo, njl.njl., eziya kuchaphazela ukunyibilika kwedayi. Okukhona idayi ilula ukuyi-ionisa, kokukhona ukunyibilika kwayo kuphezulu emanzini. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthengiswa kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni kweedayi zemveli kusekelwe kubuninzi bee-electrolytes, ezifana ne-sodium sulfate kunye netyuwa. Ubuninzi be-Na+ emanzini kunciphisa ukunyibilika kwedayi emanzini. Ke ngoko, ukuphucula ukunyibilika kweedayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini, okokuqala musa ukongeza i-electrolyte kwiidayi zorhwebo.

Izongezo kunye nokunyibilika
⑴ Ikhompawundi yotywala kunye ne-urea cosolvent
Ngenxa yokuba iidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini ziqulathe inani elithile lamaqela e-sulfonic acid kunye namaqela e-carboxylic acid, amasuntswana edayi aqhekeka lula kwisisombululo samanzi kwaye athwala inani elithile le-negative charge. Xa i-co-solvent equlethe iqela elenza i-hydrogen bond ifakiwe, umaleko okhuselayo wee-ion ezimanzi uyakhiwa phezu komphezulu wee-ion zedayi, okhuthaza i-ionization kunye nokunyibilika kwee-molecule zedayi ukuphucula ukunyibilika. Ii-polyol ezifana ne-diethylene glycol ether, i-thiodiethanol, i-polyethylene glycol, njl. zihlala zisetyenziswa njenge-solvents ezincedisayo kwiidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini. Ngenxa yokuba zinokwenza i-hydrogen bond kunye nedayi, umphezulu we-ion yedayi wenza umaleko okhuselayo wee-ion ezimanzi, othintela ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwee-molecule zee-molecule zedayi, kwaye ukhuthaza i-ionization kunye nokuqhekeka kwedayi.
⑵I-surfactant engeyiyo i-ionic
Ukongeza i-surfactant ethile engeyiyo i-ionic kwidayi kunokuwenza buthathaka amandla okubopha phakathi kweemolekyuli zedayi naphakathi kweemolekyuli, kukhawulezise i-ionization, kwaye kwenze iimolekyuli zedayi zenze ii-micelles emanzini, ezinokusasazwa kakuhle. Iidayi ze-polar zenza ii-micelles. Iimolekyuli ezinyibilikayo zenza inethiwekhi yokuhambelana phakathi kweemolekyuli ukuphucula ukunyibilika, njenge-polyoxyethylene ether okanye i-ester. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba imolekyuli ye-co-solvent ayinalo iqela elinamandla le-hydrophobic, isiphumo sokusasazeka kunye nokunyibilika kwi-micelle eyenziwe yidayi siya kuba buthathaka, kwaye ukunyibilika akuyi kwanda kakhulu. Ke ngoko, zama ukukhetha izinyibilikisi ezineeringi ze-aromatic ezinokwenza iibhondi ze-hydrophobic ngeedayi. Umzekelo, i-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, i-polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, kunye nezinye ezifana ne-polyalkylphenylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ i-lignosulfonate dispersant
I-dispersant inefuthe elikhulu ekunyibilikeni kwedayi. Ukukhetha i-dispersant elungileyo ngokwesakhiwo sedayi kuya kunceda kakhulu ukuphucula ukunyibilika kwedayi. Kwiidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini, idlala indima ethile ekuthinteleni ukufunxwa kunye (i-van der Waals force) kunye nokuhlangana phakathi kweemolekyuli zedayi. I-Lignosulfonate yeyona dispersant isebenzayo, kwaye kukho uphando malunga noku eTshayina.
Ulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli lweedayi ezisasazekileyo alunamaqela aqinileyo athanda amanzi, kodwa lunamaqela abuthathaka kuphela, ngoko ke lunamandla okuthanda amanzi kuphela, kwaye ukunyibilika kokwenyani kuncinci kakhulu. Uninzi lweedayi ezisasazekileyo lunokunyibilika emanzini kuphela kwi-25℃. 1～10mg/L.
Ukunyibilika kweedayi ezisasazekileyo kunxulumene nezi zinto zilandelayo:
Ulwakhiwo lweMolekyuli
"Ukunyibilika kweedayi ezisasazekileyo emanzini kuyanda njengoko inxalenye ye-hydrophobic yemolekyuli yedayi incipha kwaye inxalenye ye-hydrophilic (umgangatho kunye nobuninzi bamaqela e-polar) iyanda. Oko kukuthi, ukunyibilika kweedayi ezinobunzima obuncinci be-molecular kunye namaqela e-polar abuthathaka afana ne--OH kunye ne--NH2 kuya kuba phezulu. Iidayi ezinobunzima obukhulu be-molecular kunye namaqela ambalwa e-polar abuthathaka anokunyibilika okuphantsi. Umzekelo, i-Disperse Red (I), i-M=321 yayo, ukunyibilika kungaphantsi kwe-0.1mg/L kwi-25℃, kwaye ukunyibilika yi-1.2mg/L kwi-80℃. I-Disperse Red (II), M=352, ukunyibilika kwi-25℃ yi-7.1mg/L, kwaye ukunyibilika kwi-80℃ yi-240mg/L.
Umsasazi
Kwidayi ezisasazekileyo ezigudisiweyo, umxholo weedayi ezicocekileyo uhlala uphakathi kwama-40% ukuya kuma-60%, kwaye ezinye ziyi-dispersants, ii-agents ezingangenisi uthuli, ii-arhente zokukhusela, i-sodium sulfate, njl. Phakathi kwazo, i-dispersant yenza umlinganiselo omkhulu.
I-dispersant (i-diffusion agent) inokugquma iinkozo zekristale ezintle zedayi zibe ziinxalenye ze-hydrophilic colloidal kwaye ziyisasaze emanzini ngokuzinzileyo. Emva kokuba uxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lwe-micelle ludlulile, ii-micelles nazo ziya kwakheka, nto leyo eya kunciphisa inxalenye yeenkozo zekristale zedayi ezincinci. Xa zinyibilikisiwe kwi-micelles, kwenzeka into ebizwa ngokuba yi-"solubilization", ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ukunyibilika kwedayi. Ngaphezu koko, okukhona umgangatho we-dispersant ungcono kwaye uxinzelelo luphezulu, kokukhona isiphumo sokunyibilika kunye nokunyibilika siphezulu.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isiphumo sokunyibilika kwe-dispersant kwidayi ezisasazekileyo zezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo sahlukile, kwaye umahluko mkhulu kakhulu; isiphumo sokunyibilika kwe-dispersant kwidayi ezisasazekileyo siyancipha ngokunyuka kobushushu bamanzi, nto leyo efana nqwa nesiphumo sobushushu bamanzi kwidayi ezisasazekileyo. Isiphumo sokunyibilika sichasene.
Emva kokuba amasuntswana ekristale angenamanzi kwidayi esasazekileyo kunye ne-dispersant zenze amasuntswana e-colloidal angenamanzi, uzinzo lwayo lokusasazeka luya kuphucuka kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, la masuntswana e-colloidal edayi adlala indima "yokubonelela" ngeedayi ngexesha lenkqubo yokudaya. Kuba emva kokuba iimolekyuli zedayi zikwimeko yokunyibilika zifunxwe yifayibha, idayi "egcinwe" kumasuntswana e-colloidal iya kukhululwa ngexesha lokugcina ibhalansi yokunyibilika kwedayi.
Imeko yedayi esasazekileyo ekusasazekeni
Imolekyuli ye-1-dispersant
I-crystallite edayiweyo emi-2 (ukunyibilika)
I-micelle esasaza izinto ezi-3
Imolekyuli enye enedayi ezi-4 (enyibilikisiweyo)
Iinkozo ezi-5 zedayi
Isiseko se-lipophilic esine-6-dispersant
Isiseko se-hydrophilic esine-7-dispersant
I-8-sodium ion (Na+)
Ii-9-aggregates zeekristali zedayi
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba "ukudibana" phakathi kwedayi kunye ne-dispersant kukhulu kakhulu, "ukunikezelwa" kwemolekyuli enye yedayi kuya kusala ngasemva okanye isenzeko "sokunikezelwa sidlula imfuno". Ke ngoko, siya kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo izinga lokudaya kwaye silinganise ipesenti yokudaya, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudayini okucothayo kunye nombala okhanyayo.
Kuyabonakala ukuba xa kukhethwa kwaye kusetyenziswa izisasazi, akufanele kuqwalaselwe kuphela ukuzinza kokusasazeka kwedayi, kodwa kunye nempembelelo kumbala wedayi.
(3) Ubushushu besisombululo sokudaya
Ukunyibilika kweedayi ezisasazekileyo emanzini kuyanda ngokwanda kobushushu bamanzi. Umzekelo, ukunyibilika kweDisperse Yellow emanzini angama-80°C kuphindwe ka-18 kunakwi-25°C. Ukunyibilika kweDisperse Red emanzini angama-80°C kuphindwe ka-33 kunakwi-25°C. Ukunyibilika kweDisperse Blue emanzini angama-80°C kuphindwe ka-37 kunakwi-25°C. Ukuba ubushushu bamanzi budlula i-100°C, ukunyibilika kweedayi ezisasazekileyo kuya kwanda nangakumbi.
Nantsi isikhumbuzo esikhethekileyo: olu hlobo lokunyibilikisa iidayi ezisasazekileyo luya kuzisa iingozi ezifihlakeleyo kwiindlela ezisebenzayo. Umzekelo, xa idayi yotywala ishushu ngokungalinganiyo, idayi yotywala enobushushu obuphezulu igeleza iye kwindawo apho ubushushu buphantsi khona. Njengoko ubushushu bamanzi buncipha, idayi yotywala iba manzi kakhulu, kwaye idayi enyibilikisiweyo iya kukhawuleza, nto leyo ebangela ukukhula kweenkozo zekristale yedayi kunye nokuncipha kokunyibilika. , Oku kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukufunxwa kwedayi.
(ezine) uhlobo lwekristale yedayi
Ezinye iidayi ezisasazekileyo zinento efana ne "isomorphism". Oko kukuthi, idayi efanayo esasazekileyo, ngenxa yetekhnoloji eyahlukileyo yokusasazekela kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, iya kwenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zekristale, ezinjengeenaliti, iintonga, iiflakes, iigranules, kunye neebhloko. Kwinkqubo yokufaka, ingakumbi xa kudaywa kwi-130°C, ifom yekristale engaguqukiyo iya kutshintsha ibe yifom yekristale ezinzileyo ngakumbi.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uhlobo lwekristale oluzinzileyo lunokunyibilika okukhulu, kwaye uhlobo lwekristale olungazinzanga kangako lunokunyibilika okuncinci. Oku kuya kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izinga lokufunxwa kwedayi kunye nepesenti yokufunxwa kwedayi.
(5) Ubungakanani bamasuntswana
Ngokubanzi, iidayi ezineenxalenye ezincinci zinyibilika kakhulu kwaye zizinzile kakuhle ekusasazekeni. Iidayi ezineenxalenye ezinkulu zinyibilika kancinci kwaye azizinzanga kangako ekusasazekeni.
Okwangoku, ubungakanani be-particle yedayi esasazekileyo yasekhaya ngokubanzi yi-0.5 ～2.0μm (Qaphela: ubungakanani be-particle yedayi ye-dip bufuna i-0.5 ～1.0μm).