Idayi ze-Acid, iidayi ezithe ngqo kunye nedayi ezisebenzayo zizo zonke iidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini. Imveliso ngo-2001 yayiziitoni ezingama-30,000, iitoni ezingama-20,000 kunye neetoni ezingama-45,000 ngokulandelelanayo. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elide, amashishini e-dyestuff yelizwe lam anike ingqwalasela engakumbi kuphuhliso kunye nophando lweedayi ezintsha zesakhiwo, ngelixa uphando malunga nokulungiswa kwedayi emva kokulungiswa kwedayi kuye kwaba buthathaka. Ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ii-reagents ezisemgangathweni kwiidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini ziquka i-sodium sulfate (i-sodium sulfate), i-dextrin, i-starch derivatives, i-sucrose, i-urea, i-naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, njl njl. kodwa abanako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuprinta kunye nokudaya kushishino lokushicilela nokudaya. Nangona ezi zixube zedayi zikhankanywe ngasentla zinexabiso eliphantsi ngokwentelekiso, zinobumanzi obuhlwempuzekileyo kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuziqhelanisa neemfuno zemarike yamazwe ngamazwe kwaye inokuthunyelwa ngaphandle njengedayi yokuqala. Ngoko ke, kwintengiso yeedayi ezinyibilikayo zamanzi, ukumanzisa kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi kwiidayi yimiba efuna ukusonjululwa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye izongezo ezihambelanayo kufuneka zithembele.

Unyango lokumanzisa idayi
Xa sithetha ngokubanzi, ukumanzisa kukutshintshwa kolwelo endaweni yolwelo (kufuneka kube yigesi) kumphezulu ngomnye ulwelo. Ngokukodwa, i-powder okanye i-interface ye-granular kufuneka ibe yi-gas / interface eqinile, kunye nenkqubo yokumanzisa xa ulwelo (amanzi) luthatha indawo yegesi phezu kobuso bamasuntswana. Ingabonwa ukuba ukumanzisa yinkqubo yomzimba phakathi kwezinto eziphezu komhlaba. Kwidayi emva konyango, ukumanzisa kudla ngokudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, idayi icutshungulwa ibe yimeko eqinileyo, njengomgubo okanye igranule, efuna ukumanziswa ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Ngoko ke, ukumanzisa kwedayi kuya kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umphumo wesicelo. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lenkqubo yokuchithwa, idayi inzima ukumanzisa kwaye idada emanzini ayinqweneleki. Ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kweemfuno zomgangatho wedayi namhlanje, ukusebenza kokumanzisa kuye kwaba sesinye sezibonakaliso zokulinganisa umgangatho weedayi. Amandla angaphezulu kwamanzi angama-72.75mN/m kwi-20℃, ehla ngokunyuka kweqondo lobushushu, ngelixa amandla angaphezulu kwamanzi aqinileyo angatshintshi, ngokubanzi ngaphantsi kwe-100mN/m. Ngokwesiqhelo isinyithi kunye neeoksidi zazo, iityuwa ezingaphiliyo, njl. Amandla omphezulu wezinto eziphilayo eziqinileyo kunye neepholima zithelekiseka naleyo yolwelo ngokubanzi, olubizwa ngokuba ngamandla angaphezulu komphezulu, kodwa atshintsha kunye nobungakanani bamasuntswana aqinileyo kunye neqondo le-porosity. Ubuncinci ubungakanani be-particle, iqondo elikhulu lokubunjwa kwe-porous, kunye nomphezulu Ukuphakama kwamandla, ubukhulu buxhomekeke kwi-substrate. Ngoko ke, ubukhulu becala ledayi kufuneka libe lincinci. Emva kokuba idayi icutshungulwe ngokucutshungulwa kwentengiso efana ne-salting ngaphandle kunye nokugaya kwiimidiya ezahlukeneyo, ubukhulu besuntswana ledayi buba bhetele, i-crystallinity iyancitshiswa, kunye notshintsho lwesigaba se-crystal, esiphucula amandla omhlaba wedayi kwaye iququzelele ukumanzisa.

Unyango lokunyibilika kweedayi zeasidi
Ngokusetyenziswa komlinganiselo omncinci wokuhlamba kunye neteknoloji yokudaya ngokuqhubekayo, iqondo lokuzenzekelayo ekushicileleni nasekudayeni liye laphuculwa ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuvela kwee-fillers ezizenzekelayo kunye neepastes, kunye nokungeniswa kwedayi zamanzi zifuna ukulungiswa kwe-high-concentration kunye ne-high-stable-stability liquors kunye ne-pastes yokushicilela. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyibilika kwedayi ene-acidic, esebenzayo kunye nethe ngqo kwimveliso yedayi yasekhaya imalunga ne-100g/L kuphela, ngakumbi idayi ye-asidi. Ezinye iindidi zide zibe malunga ne-20g/L kuphela. Ukunyibilika kwedayi kuhambelana nesakhiwo semolekyuli yedayi. Ukuphakama kwe-molecular weight kunye namaqela ambalwa e-sulfonic acid, i-solubility ephantsi; kungenjalo, phezulu. Ukongezelela, ukucwangciswa kwezorhwebo kwedayi kubaluleke kakhulu, kubandakanywa nendlela ye-crystallization yedayi, iqondo lokugaya, ubungakanani be-particle size, ukongezwa kwezongezo, njl., Okuya kuchaphazela ukunyibilika kwedayi. Okukhona idayi ilula ukwenza ionize, kokukhona inyuka ukunyibilika kwayo emanzini. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthengiswa kunye nokulinganisa iidayi zendabuko zisekelwe kwisixa esikhulu se-electrolytes, njenge-sodium sulfate kunye netyuwa. Isixa esikhulu seNa + emanzini sinciphisa ukunyibilika kwedayi emanzini. Ngoko ke, ukuphucula ukunyibilika kwedayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini, okokuqala ungafaki i-electrolyte kwiidayi zorhwebo.

Izongezo kunye ne-solubility
⑴ Ikhompawundi yotywala kunye ne-urea cosolvent
Ngenxa yokuba iidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini ziqulethe inani elithile lamaqela e-sulfonic acid kunye namaqela e-carboxylic acid, amasuntswana edayi ahlukana ngokulula kwisisombululo esinamanzi kwaye athwale inani elithile lentlawulo embi. Xa i-co-solvent equkethe iqela le-hydrogen bond bond yongezwa, uluhlu olukhuselayo lwee-ion ze-hydrated zenziwa kumphezulu wee-ion zedayi, ezikhuthaza i-ionization kunye nokuchithwa kwee-molecule zedayi ukuphucula ukunyibilika. Iipolyols ezifana ne-diethylene glycol ether, i-thiodiethanol, i-polyethylene glycol, njl. Ngenxa yokuba banokwenza ibhondi ye-hydrogen kunye nedayi, umphezulu we-ion yedayi wenza umaleko okhuselayo we-ion hydrated, othintela ukudibanisa kunye nokudibana kwe-intermolecular ye-molecule yedayi, kwaye ikhuthaza i-ionization kunye nokuchithwa kwedayi.
⑵Isixhobo se-surfactant esingeyo-ionic
Ukongeza i-surfactant ethile engeyiyo i-ionic kwidayi inokunciphisa amandla okubopha phakathi kweemolekyuli zedayi kunye naphakathi kweeamolekyu, isantya se-ionization, kwaye yenze iimolekyuli zedayi zenze i-micelles emanzini, ene-dispersibility enhle. Idayi zepolar zenza iimicelles. Iimolekyuli zokunyibilikisa zenza inethiwekhi yokuhambelana phakathi kweeamolekyu ukuphucula ukunyibilika, njenge-polyoxyethylene ether okanye i-ester. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-molecule ye-solvent ayinayo iqela elinamandla le-hydrophobic, i-dispersion and solubilization effect kwi-micelle eyenziwe yidayi iya kuba buthathaka, kwaye i-solubility ayiyi kunyuka kakhulu. Ngoko ke, zama ukukhetha i-solvents equkethe amakhonkco amnandi anokuthi enze iibhondi ze-hydrophobic ngeedayi. Umzekelo, i-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, i-polyoxyethylene sorbitan emulsifier emulsifier, kunye nezinye ezifana ne-polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ lignosulfonate dispersant
i-disperant inefuthe elikhulu kwi-solubility yedayi. Ukukhetha i-dispersant efanelekileyo ngokwesakhiwo sedayi kuya kunceda kakhulu ukuphucula ukunyibilika kwedayi. Kwiidayi ezinyibilikayo emanzini, idlala indima ethile ekuthinteleni i-adsorption (i-van der Waals force) kunye nokuhlanganiswa phakathi kwee-molecule zedayi. I-Lignosulfonate yeyona nto isebenzayo, kwaye kukho uphando malunga noku e-China.
Isakhiwo se-molecular of disperse dyes ayiqulathanga amaqela anamandla e-hydrophilic, kodwa amaqela abuthathaka kuphela, ngoko ke i-hydrophilicity ebuthathaka kuphela, kwaye i-solubility yangempela incinci kakhulu. Uninzi lweedayi ezisasazwayo zinokunyibilika kuphela emanzini kuma-25℃. 1 -10mg/L.
Ukunyibilika kweedayi ezisasazwayo kuhambelana nezi zinto zilandelayo:
Ulwakhiwo lweemolekyuli
"I-solubility yeedayi ezisasazwayo emanzini zinyuka njengoko inxalenye ye-hydrophobic ye-molecule yedayi iyancipha kwaye inxalenye ye-hydrophilic (umgangatho kunye nobuninzi bamaqela e-polar) iyanda. Oko kukuthi, ukunyibilika kweedayi ezinobunzima obuncinci bemolekyuli kunye namaqela abuthathaka ngakumbi anjenge-OH kunye -NH2 aya kuba phezulu. Idayi ezinobunzima obukhulu bemolekyuli kunye namaqela ambalwa abuthathaka abuthathaka anokunyibilika okuphantsi. Umzekelo, Disperse Red (I), i-M=321 yayo, ukunyibilika kungaphantsi kwe-0.1mg/L ku-25℃, kunye ne-solubility yi-1.2mg/L kwi-80℃. I-Disperse Red (II), M=352, ukunyibilika kwi-25℃ yi-7.1mg/L, kunye ne-solubility kwi-80℃ yi-240mg/L.
Ukuchithachitha
Kwiidayi ezisasazwa ngumgubo, umxholo wedayi ecocekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo i-40% ukuya kwi-60%, kwaye ezinye zi-dispersants, ii-agent ezikhusela uthuli, ii-agent zokukhusela, i-sodium sulfate, njl.
I-disperant (i-diffusion agent) inokugqoka i-crystal grains yedayi kwi-hydrophilic colloidal particles kwaye iyisasaze ngokuzinzileyo emanzini. Emva kokuba i-micelle igxininisekile idlulile, ii-micelles nazo ziya kwenziwa, eziya kunciphisa inxalenye ye-crystal yedayi encinci. Ukuchithwa kwiimicelles, into ebizwa ngokuba yi "solubilization" iyenzeka, ngaloo ndlela inyusa ukunyibilika kwedayi. Ngaphezu koko, umgangatho ongcono we-dispersant kwaye uphezulu ugxininiso, ubuninzi be-solubilization kunye ne-solubilization effect.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umphumo we-solubilization we-dispersant kwi-disperse dyes yezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zihluke, kwaye umehluko mkhulu kakhulu; impembelelo ye-solubilization ye-dispersant kwi-disperse dyes iyancipha ngokunyuka kobushushu bamanzi, obufana ncamashi nomphumo wobushushu bamanzi kwiidayi ezisasazwayo. Isiphumo sokunyibilika sichasene.
Emva kweengqungquthela ze-crystal ye-hydrophobic ye-disperse dye kunye ne-disperant form i-hydrophilic colloidal particles, ukuzinza kwayo kwe-dispersion kuya kuphuculwa kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, la masuntswana e-colloidal edayi adlala indima "yokubonelela" idayi ngexesha lenkqubo yokudaya. Ngenxa yokuba emva kokuba iimolekyuli zedayi ezikwisimo esinyibilikileyo zifunxwe yifiber, idayi "egcinwe" kwiincinci ze-colloidal iya kukhutshwa ngexesha ukuze kugcinwe ukulungelelaniswa kwedayi.
Ubume bokusabalalisa idayi kwi-dispersion
I-1-i-dispersant molekyuli
I-2-Dayi crystallite (i-solubilization)
3-dispersant micelle
I-4-Dayi imolekyuli enye (inyibilikisiwe)
Ingqolowa ye-5
Isiseko se-6-dispersant lipophilic
Isiseko se-7-dispersant hydrophilic
I-8-sodium ion (Na+)
I-9-aggregates yeekristale zedayi
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba "ukubumbana" phakathi kwedayi kunye ne-disperant kukhulu kakhulu, "ukunikezelwa" kwedayi enye i-molecule iya kusala ngasemva okanye into "yokubonelela idlula imfuno". Ngoko ke, iya kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo izinga lokudaya kunye nokulinganisela ipesenti yokudaya, okubangela ukudaya okucothayo kunye nombala okhanyayo.
Kuyabonakala ukuba xa ukhetha kwaye usebenzisa i-dispersants, kungekhona nje ukuzinza kwe-dispersion of the dye kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo, kodwa kunye nefuthe kumbala wedayi.
(3) Ubushushu besisombululo sokudaya
I-solubility ye-disperse dyes emanzini iyanda ngokunyuka kobushushu bamanzi. Umzekelo, ukunyibilika kweDisperse Yellow ku-80°C amanzi kuphinda-phindwe kayi-18 kunama-25°C. Ukunyibilika kweDisperse Red kumanzi angama-80°C ngama-33 aphindwe ngama-25°C. Ukunyibilika kweDisperse Blue kumanzi angama-80°C ngama-37 aphindwe ngama-25°C. Ukuba ubushushu bamanzi budlula i-100 ° C, ukunyibilika kweedayi ezisasazekayo kuya kunyuka ngakumbi.
Nasi isikhumbuzo esikhethekileyo: le propati yokuchithwa kweedayi ezisasazwayo iya kuzisa iingozi ezifihlakeleyo kwizicelo eziphathekayo. Umzekelo, xa utywala bedayi bufudunyezwa ngokungafaniyo, utywala obudayi obunobushushu obuphezulu buhamba busiya kwindawo apho ubushushu buphantsi. Njengoko ubushushu bamanzi buhla, utywala bedayi buba yi-supersaturated, kwaye idayi enyityilisiweyo iya kunyuka, ibangele ukukhula kweenkozo zekristale yedayi kunye nokuncipha kokunyibilika. , Okubangela ukuthotywa kwedayi encitshisiweyo.
(ezine) uhlobo lwekristale yedayi
Ezinye iidayi ezisasazayo zinento ethi "isomorphism". Oko kukuthi, idayi efanayo yokusabalalisa, ngenxa yetekhnoloji ehlukeneyo yokusasazeka kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, iya kwenza iifom ezininzi zekristale, ezifana neenaliti, iintonga, iiflakes, iigranules kunye neebhloko. Kwinkqubo yesicelo, ngakumbi xa udaya kwi-130 ° C, ifom ye-crystal engazinzile iya kutshintsha kwifom ye-crystal ezinzile.
Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ifom ye-crystal ezinzile inokunyibilika okukhulu, kwaye ifom ye-crystal engazinzileyo inokunyibilika okuncinci. Oku kuya kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izinga lokuthathwa kwedayi kunye nepesenti yokuthatha idayi.
(5) Ubungakanani besuntswana
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iidayi ezinamasuntswana amancinci zine-solubility ephezulu kunye nokuzinza okulungileyo kwe-dispersion. Idayi ezinamasuntswana amakhulu zinokunyibilika okuphantsi kunye nozinzo oluphantsi lokusasazwa.
Okwangoku, ubungakanani bamasuntswana edayi ezisasazekileyo zasekhaya ngokuqhelekileyo yi-0.5～2.0μm (Qaphela: ubungakanani bamasuntswana ediphu yokudaya bufuna i-0.5～1.0μm).