Amacandelo emarike ahlukeneyo aneemfuno ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho kunye nexabiso le-ammonia.

Ukususela ngo-2022, ucwangciso lweprojekthi ye-ammonia eluhlaza yasekhaya luye lwafakwa kulwakhiwo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba ixesha lokwakhiwa kweprojekthi ngokubanzi yiminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-3, iprojekthi ye-ammonia eluhlaza yasekhaya sele iza kungenisa imveliso ephakathi. Eli shishini liqikelela ukuba ngo-2024, i-ammonia eluhlaza yasekhaya okanye iya kufikelela kwimarike, kwaye amandla okubonelela aya kuba kufutshane ne-1 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka ngo-2025. Ngokwembono yemfuno yemarike ye-ammonia yokwenziwa, amacandelo ahlukeneyo emarike aneemfuno ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho wemveliso kunye nexabiso le-ammonia yokwenziwa, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuqala kwiimpawu zendlela nganye yekhonkco lemarike ukuze uhlole ithuba lemarike ye-ammonia eluhlaza.

Ngokusekelwe kwindlela iyonke yokubonelela kunye nepatheni yemfuno ye-ammonia yokwenziwa eTshayina, imfuno yomgangatho wemveliso kwicandelo ngalinye lemarike kunye nexabiso le-ammonia, uphando lwe-NENG Jing luhlalutye nje inzuzo kunye nendawo yemarike ye-ammonia eluhlaza kwicala ngalinye lemarike ukuze kubhekiselwe kushishino.

01 Imarike ye-ammonia eluhlaza ineendlela ezintathu eziphambili

Kule nqanaba, ukubonelela kunye nemfuno yemarike ye-ammonia yokwenziwa yasekhaya ilungelelene, kwaye kukho uxinzelelo oluthile lomthamo ogqithisileyo.

Kwicala lemfuno, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kuyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ngokutsho kwe-National Bureau of Statistics kunye nedatha yerhafu, imakethi ye-ammonia yokwenziwa ilawulwa kukusetyenziswa kwekhaya, kwaye ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwe-ammonia yokwenziwa kwekhaya kuya kunyuka malunga ne-1% ngonyaka ukususela ngo-2020 ukuya ku-2022, kufikelela malunga ne-53.2 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2022. Ngo-2025, ngokwandiswa kwemveliso ye-caprolactam kunye nezinye izixhobo ezisezantsi, kulindeleke ukuba ixhase ukukhula kokusetyenziswa kwe-ammonia yokwenziwa, kwaye ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kuya kufikelela kwi-60 yezigidi zeetoni.

Kwicala lokubonelela, amandla emveliso iyonke ye-ammonia yokwenziwa akwinqanaba "lokwehla". Ngokwedatha ye-Nitrogen Fertilizer Industry Association, ukusukela oko kwavulwa amandla emveliso ebuyela umva ye-ammonia yokwenziwa eTshayina ngexesha le-"13th Five-Year Plan", ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo samandla emveliso kugqityiwe ngo-2022, kwaye amandla emveliso ye-ammonia yokwenziwa atshintshile ukusuka ekwehleni ukuya ekwandeni okokuqala, ebuya kwi-64.88 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka ngo-2021 ukuya kwi-67.6 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-4 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka womthamo wonyaka (ngaphandle kwe-ammonia eluhlaza) kucwangciselwe ukufika emhlabeni. Ngo-2025, amandla emveliso okanye ngaphezulu kwe-70 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka, umngcipheko womthamo ogqithisileyo uphezulu.

Ezolimo, ishishini leekhemikhali kunye namandla ziya kuba ziindlela ezintathu eziphambili zemarike ze-ammonia yokwenziwa kunye ne-ammonia eluhlaza. Amasimi ezolimo kunye neekhemikhali enza imakethi yesitokhwe se-ammonia yokwenziwa. Ngokwedatha yeZhuochuang Information, ngo-2022, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ammonia yokwenziwa kwicandelo lezolimo kuya kuba malunga ne-69% yokusetyenziswa iyonke kwe-ammonia yokwenziwa eTshayina, ikakhulu ekuveliseni i-urea, isichumisi se-phosphate kunye nezinye izichumisi; Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ammonia yokwenziwa kwicandelo leekhemikhali kubalelwa malunga ne-31%, esetyenziswa kakhulu ekuveliseni iimveliso zeekhemikhali ezifana ne-nitric acid, i-caprolactam kunye ne-acrylonitrile. Icandelo lamandla liyimarike yexesha elizayo yokwandiswa kwe-ammonia yokwenziwa. Ngokwezibalo kunye nokubala kophando lwe-Energy, kweli nqanaba, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ammonia yokwenziwa kwicandelo lamandla kusengaphantsi kwe-0.1% yokusetyenziswa iyonke kwe-ammonia yokwenziwa, kwaye ngo-2050, umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwe-ammonia yokwenziwa kwicandelo lamandla kulindeleke ukuba ufikelele ngaphezulu kwe-25%, kwaye iimeko ezinokubakho zokusetyenziswa ziquka ikakhulu abathwali be-hydrogen storage, amafutha okuthutha, kunye nokutsha kwe-ammonia kwizityalo zamandla obushushu.

02 Imfuno yezolimo – Ulawulo lweendleko olusezantsi luqinile, inzuzo eluhlaza ye-ammonia incinci kancinci, imfuno ye-ammonia kwintsimi yezolimo izinzile. Imeko yokusetyenziswa kwe-ammonia kwintsimi yezolimo ibandakanya ikakhulu ukuveliswa kwesichumiso se-urea kunye ne-ammonium phosphate. Phakathi kwazo, imveliso ye-urea yeyona meko inkulu yokusetyenziswa kwe-ammonia kwintsimi yezolimo, kwaye iitoni ze-0.57-0.62 ze-ammonia ziyasetyenziswa kwitoni nganye ye-urea eveliswayo. Ngokutsho kwe-National Bureau of Statistics, ukususela ngo-2018 ukuya ku-2022, imveliso ye-urea yasekhaya yayitshintshatshintsha malunga neetoni ezingama-50 ezigidi ngonyaka, kwaye imfuno efanayo ye-ammonia yokwenziwa yayimalunga neetoni ezingama-30 ezigidi ngonyaka. Isixa se-ammonia esisetyenziswa sisichumiso se-ammonium phosphate simalunga neetoni ezi-5 ezigidi ngonyaka, nto leyo ekwazinzileyo.

Ukuveliswa kwesichumiso se-nitrogen kwintsimi yezolimo kuneemfuno ezikhululekileyo zokucoceka nomgangatho wezinto eziluhlaza ze-ammonia. Ngokwemigangatho yesizwe ye-GB536-88, i-ammonia engamanzi ineemveliso ezibalaseleyo, iimveliso zodidi oluphezulu, iimveliso ezifanelekileyo zamanqanaba amathathu, umxholo we-ammonia ufikelele kwi-99.9%, 99.8%, 99.6% nangaphezulu. Isichumiso se-nitrogen, esifana ne-urea, sineemfuno ezibanzi zomgangatho nokucoceka kweemveliso, kwaye abavelisi ngokubanzi bafuna izinto eziluhlaza ze-ammonia ezingamanzi ukuze bafikelele kwinqanaba leemveliso ezifanelekileyo. Ixabiso lilonke le-ammonia kwezolimo liphantsi kakhulu. Ngokwembono yokubonelela nge-ammonia kunye nexabiso le-ammonia, i-urea yasekhaya kunye nemveliso yesichumiso se-ammonium phosphate inesityalo se-ammonia esakhelwe ngokwabo, ixabiso le-ammonia lixhomekeke kwixabiso lemarike lamalahle, igesi yendalo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwesityalo se-ammonia, ixabiso le-ammonia ngokubanzi liyi-1500 ~ 3000 yuan/ton. Lilonke, ixabiso elamkelekileyo lezinto eziluhlaza ze-ammonia kwintsimi yezolimo lingaphantsi kwe-4000 yuan/ton. Ngokwedatha yemveliso enkulu yoluntu loshishino, ukususela ngo-2018 ukuya ku-2022, i-urea imalunga ne-2,600 yuan/ton ngexabiso eliphezulu, kwaye malunga ne-1,700 yuan/ton ngexabiso eliphantsi. Uphando lwamandla ludibene nezigaba ezahlukeneyo zeendleko zezinto eziluhlaza ezipheleleyo, iindleko zenkqubo kunye nezinye izinto, ukuba akukho lahleko, i-urea ngamaxabiso aphezulu naphantsi ahambelana neendleko ze-ammonia ezimalunga ne-3900 yuan/ton ukuya kwi-2200 yuan/ton, kumgca weendleko ze-ammonia eluhlaza nangaphantsi kwenqanaba.