I-MIT-Ivy Industry lishishini eliphakathi lamachiza kunye neekhemikhali elidibanisa imveliso, intengiso kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi.Ngezixhobo eziphucukileyo zemveliso kunye nobugcisa bemveliso, sigcina ubudlelwane obuhle bentsebenziswano kunye namaziko ophando lwenzululwazi kunye neeyunivesithi ezinkulu neziphakathi. Sisebenza kakhulu kwimveliso kunye neentengiso zoluhlu lwabaphakathi bamachiza, ngakumbi kunyango lwe-anti-AIDS, i-cardiovascular and cerebrovascular drugs, kunye nokuxhasa abaphakathi bamachiza achasene nokudumba.Imveliso ye-sodium azide, i-triphenyl chloromethane, i-L- I-valine methyl ester hydrochloride ithengiswa ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.1. Intshayelelo yamayeza aphakathi amayeza abhekisa kwimveliso ephakathi enje ngemathiriyeli ekrwada, imathiriyeli kunye nezincedisi ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yeemveliso zamayeza. Enyanisweni, zezinye zemathiriyeli ekrwada yeekhemikhali okanye iimveliso zekhemikhali kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kweziyobisi. Umfanekiso kunye neziyobisi ezisebenzayo kufuneka zamkele isatifikethi se-GMP. Amayeza aphakathi, nangona esetyenziswa kwimveliso yamachiza, ngokusisiseko adibanisa kuphela kunye nokuveliswa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada yeekhemikhali. Zizona mveliso zisisiseko kunye nezantsi kwikhonkco lokuvelisa iziyobisi kwaye azikwazi ukubizwa ngokuba ngamachiza, ngoko ke i-GMP certification ayifuni. kwakhona kunciphisa umda wokungena kushishino kubavelisi abaphakathi.Umfanekiso2. Ubungakanani boshishino lwamayeza aphakathi Ngohlengahlengiso lwesakhiwo semizi-mveliso, ukuhanjiswa kwemveliso kumazwe ngamazwe kunye nophuculo olongezelelekileyo lwecandelo lamazwe ngamazwe labasebenzi beenkampani ezinkulu zamayeza ezizwe ngezizwe, iChina iye yaba sisiseko esibalulekileyo semveliso ephakathi kwicandelo lehlabathi labasebenzi boshishino lwamayeza. NgokoPhando Ingxelo ngoPhuhliso loShishino lwaMayeza lwaseTshayina (2016), ukusuka ku-2011 ukuya ku-2015, imveliso yamayeza aseTshayina kunye nexabiso layo lilonke lemveliso yanda unyaka nonyaka, kunye nezinga lokukhula lonyaka elimalunga ne-13.5%. of intermediates amayeza e-China yafikelela 422.56 billion yuan ngo-2015, ukwanda 9.88% ngonyaka year.Industry output yafikelela 17.2 million tons, up 10.26 pesenti ngonyaka. yuan ngo-2020. Umfanekiso3. Iimpawu zemizi-mveliso yabaphakathi bamayezaIshishini likwimfuno engxamisekileyo yokuphucula kunye nokuphuculwa: inqanaba lobuchwepheshe lilonke laseTshayina lisesezantsi ngokwentelekiso, kwaye kukho amashishini ambalwa avelisa inani elikhulu labaphakathi bamayeza abaphambili kunye nabaphakathi abaxhasayo kumachiza amatsha anelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, akuphuhliso. Inqanaba lokulungiswa kwesakhiwo semveliso kunye nokuphucula.Kuphela amashishini athile anophando oluqinileyo kunye namandla ophuhliso, amaziko okuvelisa aphuculweyo kunye namava okuvelisa imveliso anokufumana inzuzo ephezulu kukhuphiswano.Isikali soshishino oluzinzileyo: Abavelisi abakhulu ngokusisiseko bathatha imveliso eyenziwe ngokwezifiso njengeyona nto iphambili. imodeli yoshishino. Ngaphantsi kwemodeli yemveliso elungiselelweyo, ubudlelwane bentsebenziswano phakathi kwabathengi abakhulu kunye nabanikezeli bazinzile, kwaye intsebenziswano isondele, iphezulu iqondo lokuthembana, kunye neendidi zentsebenziswano ezibonelelwa ngabathengi abakhulu ziya kuba.Kuthatha ixesha elide ukutshintsha ababoneleli. Ngoko ke, njengeshishini elinoncangathi olomeleleyo, amashishini aphakathi kwezamayeza agxile ikakhulu kumashishini amayeza angaphandle awaziwayo kweli nqanaba langoku. Nje ukuba inkampani ingene kweyona nkqubo iphambili yababoneleli boxubo-mayeza, zombini isikali semveliso kunye nomda wengeniso yengeniso igcinwe Ilizwe elizinzile ngokufanelekileyo.Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwesiphelo esiphantsi kakhulu: iindawo eziphambili zokuthumela ngaphandle kwezamayeza e-China yi-EU, uMntla Melika, uMbindi Mpuma, umzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, njl njl. kunye neetyuwa zayo kunye esters, ezifana mveliso, iimpawu imveliso imveliso imveliso, amashishini imveliso, ukhuphiswano lwemarike kakhulu, ixabiso imveliso kunye nexabiso elongezelelweyo liphantsi, imveliso ngobuninzi kubo kubangele imeko yemarike yasekhaya amayeza intermediates oversupply. Iimveliso zobugcisa obuphezulu zisathunyelwa ikakhulu kumazwe angaphandle.Amashishini amancinci naphakathi: amashishini emveliso ngamashishini abucala ikakhulu, ukusebenza okuguquguqukayo, isikali sotyalo-mali asinto inkulu, ngokwesiseko phakathi kwezigidi ukuya kwishumi okanye kwizigidi ezingamashumi amabini ezigidi zeYuan. amashishini emveliso agxininiswe, ajikeleze iifektri ezininzi ezinkulu zamachiza, ezisasazwa ikakhulu eTaizhou, eZhejiang naseJintan, eJiangsu njengeziko lommandla. Zhejiang Huangyan, Taizhou, Nanjing Jintan, Shijiazhuang, Jinan (kuquka iZibo), emntla-mpuma (Siping, Fushun ) kunye nezinye iindawo ezineemeko ezifanelekileyo zophuhliso lwabaphakathi bamachiza ziye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza. okanye rhoqo ukuphucula inkqubo yemveliso, ukuze kugcinwe imveliso ephezulu inzuzo.Ukhuphiswano olunzulu: kuba inzuzo yemveliso yamayeza intermediates iphezulu kunaleyo yeemveliso zemichiza, kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa ezimbini ngokusisiseko efanayo, ngakumbi nangakumbi encinane. amashishini eekhemikhali ajoyina ukuveliswa kwamayeza aphakathi kwamachiza, okukhokelela kukhuphiswano oluya lusanda ngokungahambi kakuhle kolu shishino.4. Iindidi zabaphakathi bamayezaZininzi iindidi zamayeza aphakathi, kubandakanywa i-cephalosporin intermediates, i-amino acid protectant series, i-vitamin intermediates, i-quinolone intermediates, kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-intermediates, ezifana ne-medisinfectant zonyango, i-antiepileptic intermediates, i-fluoropyridine intermediates, i-pharmaceutical intermediates, njl. .Ngokwemimandla yesicelo sabo, zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-intermediates ye-antibiotic drug intermediates, i-antipyretic kunye ne-analgesic drug intermediates, i-cardiovascular system drug intermediates, i-anti-cancer drug intermediates njalo njalo.Kungoku, kukho malunga namakhulu emveliso ye-pharmaceutical intermediates, kwaye rhoqo. Ukuvelisa, ukwenza amashishini amaninzi eemolekyuli alungileyo kumashishini aphakathi kwamayeza. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemidazole, ifuran, i-phenolic intermediates, i-aromatics intermediates, ipyrrole, ipyridine, i-biochemical reagents, isulfure, initrogen, i-haterologen compounds, , i-microcrystalline cellulose, isitashi, i-mannitol, i-lactose, i-dextrin, i-ethylene glycol, i-sugar powder, i-inorganic salts, i-ethanol intermediates, i-stearic acid, i-amino acid kunye ne-ethanol amine ityuwa, i-sylvite, ityuwa yesodium kunye nezinye i-intermediates njalo njalo.Umfanekiso5. I-Patent CliffUkusukela ngo-2000, imarike yamayeza enziwe afana nalawo enziwe afana nalawo enziwe ngabenzi yehlabathi jikelele iqhubekile ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kunemarike yoxubo-mayeza iyonke, ikhula ngokukhawuleza okuphindwe kabini kunamachiza anelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza. Imarike yamachiza ukusuka ku-2005 ukuya kowama-2013 kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-14.7%.Imarike yamayeza enziwe afana nalawo aveliswe ngabenzi kulindeleke ukuba ikhule nge-10% ukuya kwi-14% kule minyaka mihlanu izayo, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunokukhula nge-4% ukuya kwi-6% kulo lonke ushishino loxubo-mayeza. Kunokucingelwa ukuba uphuhliso lwentengiso yamachiza enziwe afana nalawo aveliswe ngumenzi ngokucacileyo luya kukhuthaza uphuhliso lweshishini loxubo-mayeza oluphakathi. Ukusukela ngo-2010 ukuya kowama-2020, imarike yoxubo-mayeza yehlabathi iya kuzisa igagasi eliphezulu lokuphelelwa kwePatent, phakathi kwayo, ukusuka ngo-2013 ukuya ku-2020, Iindidi zePatent zokuphelelwa lixesha ziya kuba yi-avareji engaphezulu kwama-200 ngonyaka ngamnye, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Patent Cliff" emhlabeni. Ngo-2014, kuya kubakho ukuphelelwa kwexesha lelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, apho kuya kubakho incopho ngo-2014, kunye ewonke angama-326 amachiza elungelo elilodwa lomenzi aphelelweyo. U-2010 kunye no-2017 yiminyaka emibini ephezulu kakhulu, kunye ne-205 kunye ne-242 yamachiza e-patent aphelelwa ngokulandelelana. Amachiza aphelelweyo ikakhulu achasene ne-infective, i-endocrine, inkqubo ye-nervous kunye ne-cardiovascular drug, kunye nobukhulu bemarike enkulu. Ukuphelelwa kwexesha elikhulu lamachiza angaphandle anelungelo elilodwa lomenzi kuya kuzisa ii-catalysts ezintsha kushishino lwama-pharmaceutical intermediates e-China.Kuba emva kokuphelelwa kwelungelo lomenzi Amachiza, ukuveliswa kwamachiza enziwe afana nalawo enziwe afana nalawo aveliswe ngabenzi anxulumeneyo kuya kugqabhuka, okuya kuqhuba ukukhula okukhawulezayo kwemfuno yamayeza aphakathi anxulumeneyo.Umfanekiso6. Uxinzelelo lwendalo iChina sele ingumthengisi ophambili we-API intermediates, kunye nongcoliseko olukhulu.Abenzi beMichiza abaPhakathi bakwishishini lemichiza elungileyo, kuya kubakho umngcipheko wongcoliseko oluhambelanayo.Ngokwezibalo zoMphathiswa woKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo, ixabiso lilonke lemveliso Imboni yamachiza yasekhaya ingaphantsi kweepesenti ze-3 ze-GDP yelizwe, kodwa inani elipheleleyo lokukhutshwa kongcoliseko lifikelela kwipesenti ze-6. Phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zamachiza, i-API imelwe kakhulu ngamavithamini kunye ne-penicillin yecandelo lokungcola okuphezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, Ngokuhambelana nokuthunyelwa ngokudibeneyo koMphathiswa woKhuseleko lweNdalo, ngoFebruwari 15, 2017, iqela lokuhlola elikhethekileyo lomgangatho womoya kwikota yokuqala ye-2017 libhengeze ukuba ukuqhutyelwa koxinzelelo eShijiazhuang kwakungekho. endaweni, kunye norhulumente okwinqanaba-lezinga wayesasekelwe ikakhulu kubasebenzi boKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo ekuphunyezweni kwesicwangciso esingxamisekileyo songcoliseko lwemozulu, ngelixa amanye amasebe engabandakanyekanga kwinqanaba eliphezulu.Ungcoliseko lwamashishini amancinci naphakathi. ukuvelisa i-pharmaceutical intermediate in Shijiazhuang is serious.Amashishini amachiza anobuchwephesha obungasemva aya kuthwala iindleko eziphezulu zokulawula ungcoliseko kunye noxinzelelo lolawulo, kunye namashishini amayeza emveli avelisa ungcoliseko oluphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye neemveliso zexabiso eliphantsi (ezifana nepenicillin, iivithamini, njl. Iza kujongana nokupheliswa okukhawulezileyo.Ukubambelela kwinkqubo yokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kunye nokuphuhlisa itekhnoloji yamayeza ohlaza kuye kwaba likhokelo lophuhliso lwexesha elizayo loshishino lwamayeza aphakathi.Umfanekiso
7. Iinkokeli zoshishino
ishishini le-mit-ivy
Inkampani yeZhejiang NHU Ltd.Plo Co., Ltd
Lianhe Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.Anhui Bayi Chemical Co. Ltd.Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. ISpecialty Chemicals Co.,Ltd.