Emva kwenkulungwane yophuhliso, ishishini leekhemikhali laseTshayina libe lelona lizwe likhula ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye umjikelo wemizi-mveliso umfutshane kakhulu kunoweshishini leekhemikhali eYurophu, eMelika, eJapan naseMzantsi Korea. EYurophu, eMelika nakwamanye amazwe, kuthatha iminyaka embalwa kuphela ukufikelela kwinqanaba lomlinganiselo, kwaye ishishini leekhemikhali laseTshayina lisondela esiphelweni. Umahluko kukuba emva kwenqanaba elikhulu leshishini leekhemikhali eYurophu naseMelika, inani leemveliso zeekhemikhali ezintle ezixhaswa bubuchwepheshe obuphezulu liyanda kakhulu, ngelixa eTshayina, ngenxa yophuhliso oluncinci lwetekhnoloji, umthamo wemarike weekhemikhali ezintle uyanda kancinci.

Kwiminyaka emi-5-10 ezayo, inkqubo enkulu yoshishino lweekhemikhali lwaseTshayina iya kuphela kwaye inkqubo yophuhliso oluhle iya kukhawuleziswa. Okwangoku, amaziko amaninzi ophando lwasekhaya, ingakumbi lawo anxulumene namashishini aphambili, andisa utyalo-mali lwawo kuphando nophuhliso lweekhemikhali ezintle.

Kwindlela yophuhliso lweekhemikhali ezintle eTshayina, eyokuqala kuphando olucwangcisiweyo olusebenzisa iihydrocarbons ezinekhabhoni ephantsi njengezinto ezikrwada, kwaye ezantsi kugxilwe kakhulu kwii-intermediates zamayeza, ii-intermediates zezibulala-zinambuzane kunye nezinye iindawo. Okwesibini, kukucubungula okunzulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kweehydrocarbons ze-polycarbon, ezantsi kwizixhobo zeekhemikhali ezintle eziphezulu, izongezo kunye nezinye iindawo; Okwesithathu, kukwahlula kunye nokucocwa kwezinto ezikrwada ze-hydrocarbon ezinekhabhoni ephezulu kunye nokucubungula okunzulu kunye nokusetyenziswa, ezantsi kwi-surfactant, i-plasticizer kunye nezinye iindawo.

Xa kujongwa ubungakanani beendleko, ukwandiswa kweshishini leekhemikhali ezicociweyo zezixhobo ezikrwada ezinekhabhoni ephantsi yeyona ndlela ingabizi kakhulu yokuvelisa nophando. Okwangoku, amaziko amaninzi ophando lwezenzululwazi eTshayina ayandisa uphando ngeshishini leekhemikhali ezicociweyo ezinekhabhoni ephantsi. Iimveliso ezimeleyo kukwandiswa kweekhemikhali ezicociweyo zetyathanga leshishini le-isobutylene kunye nokwandiswa kweekhemikhali ezicociweyo zetyathanga leshishini le-aniline.

Ngokophando lokuqala, uthotho lweekhemikhali ezicolekileyo ezingaphezu kwama-50 luye lwandiswa ngezantsi kwe-isobutene ecocekileyo kakhulu, kwaye izinga lokucoca uthotho lweemveliso ezicolekileyo liphezulu. I-Aniline ineentlobo ezingaphezu kwama-60 zeekhemikhali ezicolekileyo ezandisiweyo ngezantsi kwekhonkco leshishini, imiyalelo yokusetyenziswa ngezantsi ininzi.

Okwangoku, i-aniline iveliswa kakhulu yi-catalytic hydrogenation ye-nitrobenzene, eveliswa yi-hydrogenation ye-nitric acid, i-hydrogen kunye ne-benzene ecocekileyo njengezinto eziluhlaza. Isetyenziswa ngezantsi kwiindawo ze-MDI, izongezo zerabha, iidayi kunye nezinto zonyango, izongezo zepetroli njalo njalo. I-benzene ecocekileyo kumashishini okucoca ioyile kunye nokuvelisa iikhemikhali ayinakuxutywa neemveliso zeoyile, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukwandiswa nokusetyenziswa kwekhonkco lemizi-mveliso esezantsi ye-benzene ecocekileyo, eye yaba yeyona nto iphambili kushishino lophando nophuhliso lweekhemikhali.

Ngokwemizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo apho kusetyenziswa khona iimveliso ze-p-aniline ezisezantsi, zingahlulwahlulwa zibe ngamashishini alandelayo: Okokuqala, ukusetyenziswa kwicandelo le-raber accelerator kunye ne-antioxidant, enokwahlulwahlulwa ibe ziintlobo ezintlanu zeemveliso, ezizezi: i-p-aminobenzidine, i-hydroquinone, i-diphenylamine, i-cyclohexylamine kunye ne-dicyclohexylamine. Uninzi lwezi mveliso ze-aniline zisetyenziswa kwicandelo le-raber antioxidant, njenge-p-amino diphenylamine inokuvelisa i-antioxidant 4050, 688, 8PPD, 3100D, njl.

Ukusetyenziswa kwerabha ekhawulezayo kunye ne-antioxidant yindlela ebalulekileyo yokusebenzisa i-aniline esezantsi kwicandelo lerabha, ebangela ngaphezulu kwe-11% yokusetyenziswa kwe-aniline esezantsi, iimveliso eziphambili ezimeleyo yi-p-aminobenzidine kunye ne-hydroquinone.

Kwii-diazo compounds, kusetyenziswa i-aniline kunye ne-nitrate kunye nezinye iimveliso, iimveliso zinokuveliswa yi-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, i-p-hydroxyaniline, i-p-hydroxyabenzene, i-phenylhydrazine, i-fluorobenzene njalo njalo. Ezi mveliso zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo zeedayi, amayeza kunye ne-pesticide intermediates. Iimveliso ezimeleyo zezi: i-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride, eyidayi ye-azo eyenziweyo, idayi yelizwi le-um, idayi esasazekayo, ekwasetyenziswa ekwenziweni kwepeyinti kunye ne-pigment kwaye njengesalathisi, njl. I-P-hydroxyaniline isetyenziswa ekwenziweni kwe-sulphide blue FBG, i-weak acid bright yellow 5G kunye nezinye iidayi, ekwenziweni kwe-paracetamol, i-antamine kunye nezinye iziyobisi, ekwasetyenziswa ekwenziweni komphuhlisi, i-antioxidant njalo njalo.

Okwangoku, uninzi lweekhompawundi ze-aniline ezisetyenziswa kushishino lwedayi lwaseTshayina yi-p-amino-azobenzene hydrochloride kunye ne-p-hydroxyaniline, ezimalunga ne-1% yokusetyenziswa kwe-aniline ngezantsi, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kwindlela yokusebenzisa iikhompawundi ze-nitrogen ngezantsi kwe-aniline kwaye ikwayindlela ebalulekileyo yophando lwetekhnoloji yangoku.

Esinye isicelo esibalulekileyo se-aniline kukwenziwa kwe-halogenation ye-aniline, njengokuveliswa kwe-p-iodoaniline, i-o-chloroaniline, i-2.4.6-trichloraniline, i-n-acetoacetaniline, i-n-formylaniline, i-phenylurea, i-diphenylurea, i-phenylthiourea kunye nezinye iimveliso. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu leemveliso ze-halogenation ze-aniline, kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho phantse iintlobo ezingama-20, eziye zaba yindlela ebalulekileyo yokwandiswa kwekhonkco le-aniline kwishishini leekhemikhali elincinci elisezantsi.

Enye impendulo ebalulekileyo ye-aniline kukunciphisa i-reaction, efana ne-aniline kunye ne-hydrogen ukuvelisa i-cyclohexamine, i-aniline kunye ne-concentrated sulfuric acid kunye ne-soda ukuvelisa i-bicyclohexane, i-aniline kunye ne-sulfuric acid kunye ne-sulfur trioxide ukuvelisa i-p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid. Olu hlobo lwe-reaction lufuna inani elikhulu lee-excipients, kwaye inani leemveliso ezisezantsi alikho likhulu, kuqikelelwa ukuba ziintlobo ezintlanu zeemveliso.

 Phakathi kwazo, ezifana ne-p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid, ukuvelisa iidayi ze-azo, ezisetyenziswa njenge-reference reagent, i-experimental reagent kunye ne-chromatographic analysis reagent, zingasetyenziswa njenge-pesticide ukuthintela i-wheat rust. I-Dicyclohexamine, kukulungiselela ii-dye intermediates, kunye ne-pesticide textile wheat rust, kunye nokulungiselela iziqholo njalo njalo.

Iimeko zokunciphisa impendulo ye-aniline zinzima kakhulu. Okwangoku, uninzi lwazo lugxile kwinqanaba lelebhu nakwinqanaba lemveliso elincinci eTshayina, kwaye umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa umncinci kakhulu. Asikuko ulwalathiso oluphambili lokwandiswa kochungechunge lweshishini leekhemikhali elincinci elisezantsi le-aniline.

Ulwandiso lwekhonkco leshishini leekhemikhali elincinci kusetyenziswa i-aniline njengezinto eziluhlaza lubandakanya i-arylation reaction, i-alkylation reaction, i-oxidation kunye ne-nitrification reaction, i-cyclization reaction, i-aldehyde condensation reaction kunye ne-complex combination reaction. I-Aniline inokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo ezininzi zeekhemikhali, kwaye kukho izicelo ezininzi ezisezantsi.