Ishishini leekhemikhali ezintle ligama eliqhelekileyo lokuveliswa kweshishini leekhemikhali ezintle, elibizwa ngokuba “ziikhemikhali ezintle”, kwaye iimveliso zalo zikwabizwa ngokuba ziikhemikhali ezintle okanye iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo.

Ishishini leekhemikhali ezintle likwicala eliphambili leshishini leekhemikhali ezintle. Umsebenzi walo ophambili kukuqhubeka nokuvelisa iimveliso zeekhemikhali ezintle. Ukusetyenziswa kwalo okusezantsi kuquka: izixhobo ezibuthathaka kubushushu, iiplastiki zobunjineli ezikhethekileyo, ukuprinta kunye nezixhobo zokudaya amalaphu, iikhemikhali zesikhumba, iipolymers eziphezulu kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane, iidayi ezisebenzayo, njl.njl.

Ishishini eliphakathi leshishini leekhemikhali ezintle liphawulwa ngophando olukhawulezayo nophuhliso, ubungakanani obuphantsi bemveliso enye, kunye nolwalamano oluqinileyo lobuchwepheshe bemveliso yeemveliso ezinxulumene noko.
Ngokwembono yophuhliso lwemveliso lwangaphambili kushishino, xa ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso ephakathi kuqinisekisiwe, isantya sokukhuthazwa kwemarike siya kuba sikhulu kakhulu.

Ngenxa yetekhnoloji yemveliso entsonkothileyo, inkqubo ende kunye nesantya sokuhlaziya ngokukhawuleza izibulali-zinambuzane, amayeza kunye nezinye iimveliso zeekhemikhali ezintle, akukho shishini linokuqhubeka linenzuzo yeendleko kulo lonke uphuhliso, imveliso kunye nekhonkco lokuthengisa.

Iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zehlabathi zisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo izibonelelo zehlabathi, ngoko ke, ukungabi namali, ukutshintshwa kweendawo, uqwalaselo, izixhobo zekhonkco leshishini, zibeka ingqwalasela ephambili kuphando nophuhliso kunye nokuthengisa, kwaye zidlulisela uchungechunge lwemveliso yemizi-mveliso kumazwe anezibonelelo zeendleko kunye nesiseko sobuchwepheshe, njengeTshayina, iIndiya kwaye emva koko eziveliswa kula mazwe zigxila kumashishini emveliso aphakathi.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso lweshishini, iTshayina yayikwazi ukuvelisa kuphela iimveliso ezimbalwa ezisisiseko eziphakathi, kwaye imveliso ayizange ikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zasekhaya.

Njengoko imeko yeshishini leekhemikhali ezintle kwiminyaka yakutshanje ibiyinkxaso enamandla, ukusuka kuphando lwesayensi nophuhliso ukuya kwimveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kweshishini eliphakathi eTshayina kuye kwakheka iseti yenkqubo epheleleyo, inokuvelisa iimveliso eziphakathi ezifana ne-pharmaceutical intermediates, i-dyes intermediates, i-pesticide intermediates 36 iindidi zizonke ezingaphezu kwama-40000 iintlobo zeemveliso eziphakathi, ukongeza ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zasekhaya, ikwayinani elikhulu lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwihlabathi liphela kumazwe angaphezu kwama-30 kunye nemimandla.

Ukuthunyelwa kwemveliso ye-intermediate eTshayina minyaka le kudlula iitoni ezi-5 zezigidi, ibe yeyona mveliso iphakathi nethunyelwa ngaphandle enkulu kwihlabathi liphela.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ishishini leedayi eliphakathi laseTshayina liphuhlile ngokukhawuleza, kwaye libe ngumvelisi omkhulu wedayi ophakathi kwihlabathi, okhokela kwizixhobo, uthotho lwemizi-mveliso oluphezulu nolusezantsi, uthutho kunye nezixhobo, izixhobo zokukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye nezinye izinto, kunye nokukhula okuphezulu kwimarike.

Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kwempembelelo yoxinzelelo olukhulayo lokusingqongileyo, uninzi lwabavelisi abancinci nabaphakathi abakwazi ukugcina imveliso kunye nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokungoneli kwamandla okulawula ungcoliseko, kwaye bahlala bethintela imveliso, bemisa imveliso okanye bavale ngokupheleleyo. Ipateni yokhuphiswano lwemarike itshintsha kancinci kancinci ukusuka kukhuphiswano olungacwangciswanga ukuya kubavelisi abakhulu abakumgangatho ophezulu.

Indlela yokudibanisa uthotho lwemizi-mveliso ibonakala kweli shishini. Amashishini amakhulu anedayi ayanda kancinci kancinci aye kwishishini elingaphantsi kwedayi, ngelixa amashishini amakhulu anedayi anda aye kwishishini eliphakathi eliphezulu.

Ukongeza, izinto ezidibanisa idayi ziquka uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso, abavelisi abaninzi banemveliso zabo ezikhethekileyo eziphakathi, ukuba kukho iteknoloji yemveliso ephucukileyo kwimveliso enye, amandla okuxoxisana kushishino kwimveliso enye anokwandiswa kakhulu.

Abaqhubi bemizi-mveliso

(1) Amathuba amahle okudluliselwa kweshishini leekhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe
Ngokuphucuka okuqhubekayo kolwahlulo lwabasebenzi bemizi-mveliso kwihlabathi liphela, uthotho lwemizi-mveliso yemizi-mveliso yeekhemikhali ezintle lukwabonakala lulwahlulo lwabasebenzi olucwangcisiweyo.
Zonke iteknoloji yeshishini leekhemikhali ezintle, ikhonkco elide, isantya sokuhlaziya, neenkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe zeekhemikhali azikwazi ukugqwesa uphando nophuhliso kunye nemveliso yazo zonke iteknoloji kunye nekhonkco, ngoko ke, uninzi lwendlela yophuhliso lweshishini leekhemikhali ezintle ukusuka "endaweni yokuba" kancinci kancinci ukuya "kwincinci kodwa ilungile", zizama ukugxininisa ixesha elide kwindawo yalo kwikhonkco leshishini.
Ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwemali, kugxilwe kukhuphiswano lwangaphakathi oluphambili, kuphuculwe isantya sempendulo kwimarike, kuphuculwe ukwabiwa kokusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo kunye neenkampani ezinkulu zeekhemikhali zesizwe ukuze zibekwe ngokutsha, zicwangciswe, zifumane izibonelelo zeshishini, kwaye isicwangciso semveliso siya kuba yingqwalasela kuphando lokugqibela lwemveliso kunye nophuhliso lwemarike, kunye nokuveliswa kwekhonkco elinye okanye amaninzi kwinzuzo ephucukileyo, ethelekisayo ngakumbi yeshishini lemveliso yeemveliso zekhemikhali eziphakathi.

Ukudluliselwa kweshishini leekhemikhali ezicoliweyo lamazwe ngamazwe kuzise amathuba amakhulu ophuhliso lweshishini leemveliso zekhemikhali ezicoliweyo zaseTshayina.

(2) Inkxaso enamandla evela kwimigaqo-nkqubo yemizi-mveliso yesizwe
I-China ibisoloko ibeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kuphuhliso lweshishini leekhemikhali ezintle. I-Guideline Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring (uhlelo luka-2011) (uhlengahlengiso) ekhutshwe yiKhomishini yoPhuhliso noHlaziyo yeSizwe ngoFebruwari 16, 2013 idwelise ukuveliswa okucocekileyo kweedayi kunye nezinto ezidityanisiweyo zedayi njengetekhnoloji ekhuthazwa lilizwe.
"Ukhetho olucacileyo kakhulu kunye nemiphumo emibi ngakumbi ekucwangcisweni" kucetyisiwe "ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso ecocekileyo kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili ukuphucula izixhobo zemveliso ezikhoyo, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya, ukuphucula amandla okhuphiswano apheleleyo kunye nokukwazi uphuhliso oluzinzileyo" kunye "nokuqinisa iidayi kunye ne-intermediates zazo zobuchwepheshe bemveliso ecocekileyo kunye ne-advanced applicable" inkunkuma ezintathu "uphando kunye nophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kweteknoloji yonyango, ukuphucula iteknoloji yokusetyenziswa kwedayi kunye ne-assistant, ukuphakamisa umgangatho wexabiso lenkonzo kushishino lwedayi".
Ishishini eliphakathi ledayi yeekhemikhali ezintle kwishishini eliphambili lenkampani liphantsi koluhlu lwenkxaso yemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe yemizi-mveliso emikhulu, eya kukhuthaza uphuhliso lweshishini ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile.

(3) Ishishini leekhemikhali ezilungileyo laseTshayina linenzuzo enkulu yokukhuphisana
Njengoko ulwahlulo lwabasebenzi kunye nokudluliselwa kwemizi-mveliso luqhubeka lukhula, xa kuthelekiswa namazwe aphuhlileyo, amazwe asaphuhlayo, ingakumbi iTshayina, aza kubonisa iingenelo ezinkulu zeendleko, kuquka:
Inzuzo yeendleko zotyalo-mali: Emva kweminyaka yophuhliso, iTshayina yenze inkqubo yemizi-mveliso ekhulileyo. Ixabiso lokuthengwa kwezixhobo zeekhemikhali, ukufakelwa, ukwakhiwa kunye nezinye izinto ezifakwayo liphantsi kunelo lamazwe aphuhlileyo.
Inzuzo yexabiso lezinto ezikrwada: Izinto eziphambili zekhemikhali zaseTshayina zifikelele ekuzixhaseni kwaye nangona imeko yokubonelela ngokugqithisileyo, zinokuqinisekisa ukubonelelwa kwezinto ezikrwada ezingabizi kakhulu;
Inzuzo yeendleko zabasebenzi: Xa kuthelekiswa namazwe aphuhlileyo, abasebenzi baseTshayina abakwi-r&d kunye nabasebenzi bemizi-mveliso bahlawula umsantsa omkhulu kunamazwe aphuhlileyo.

(4) Imigangatho yokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo iya isiba ngqongqo ngakumbi kwaye amashishini asemva ayasuswa
Imekobume elungileyo yendalo yenye yezinto ezifunekayo ukuze kubekho uphuhliso oluzinzileyo loqoqosho lwesizwe. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, urhulumente uye wabeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo engqongqo ngakumbi.
Amanzi amdaka, igesi emdaka kunye nenkunkuma eqinileyo eveliswa kwinkqubo yokuveliswa kweshishini leekhemikhali ezintle ziya kuba nefuthe elithile kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ke ngoko, amashishini eekhemikhali ezintle kufuneka anikele ingqalelo kukhuseleko lwendalo esingqongileyo, alawule ngokufanelekileyo ungcoliseko olukhoyo, kwaye asebenzise ngokungqongqo imigangatho efanelekileyo yesizwe yokukhupha ukungcola.
Ukuphuculwa kweemfuno zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunceda ishishini leekhemikhali ukuqinisa uphando kunye nophuhliso lweemveliso ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, ukuphucula ukhuphiswano lwemveliso, ukususa amashishini asemva, ukuze ishishini libe nokhuphiswano olucwangcisiweyo ngakumbi.