Imeko yangoku: ishishini lamayeza ligxile kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni kwamakhemikhali kwamayeza, amayeza ebhayoloji kunye namayeza emveli aseTshayina, kwaye imveliso ineempawu zeemveliso ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nezikali zemveliso ezahlukeneyo.
Amanzi amdaka aveliswa yinkqubo yamayeza aneempawu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu longcoliseko, izinto ezintsonkothileyo, ukubola kakubi kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nobuthi obuphezulu bebhayoloji.
Ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokubiliswa kwemveliso yamayeza Amanzi amdaka yeyona nto inzima neyona nto iphambili ekulawuleni ungcoliseko kwishishini lamayeza.
Amanzi amdaka enziwe ngeekhemikhali ayinto ebangela ungcoliseko olukhulu olukhutshwa ngexesha lokwenziwa kwamayeza [2].
Amanzi amdaka amachiza anokwahlulwahlulwa abe ziindidi ezine [3], oko kukuthi, ulwelo olungcolileyo kunye nolwelo oluvela kumama kwinkqubo yokuvelisa;
Ulwelo oluseleyo olubuyiselwayo luquka isinyibilikisi, ulwelo oluyimfuneko, imveliso eshiyekileyo, njl.
Inkqubo yokuncedisa yokukhupha amanzi efana namanzi okupholisa, njl.
Izixhobo kunye namanzi amdaka okuhlamba umhlaba;
Indle yasekhaya.
Itekhnoloji yokunyanga amanzi amdaka aphakathi kwamayeza
Ngenxa yeempawu zamanzi amdaka aphakathi kwamayeza afana ne-COD ephezulu, i-nitrogen ephezulu, i-phosphorus ephezulu, umxholo wetyuwa ephezulu, i-chroma enzulu, ukwakheka okuntsonkothileyo kunye nokubola kakubi kwezinto eziphilayo, iindlela zonyango ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ziquka unyango lwe-physicochemical kunye nenkqubo yonyango lwe-biochemical [6].
Ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho wamanzi amdaka, uthotho lweendlela ezifana nokudibanisa inkqubo ye-physicochemical kunye nenkqubo yebhayoloji nazo ziya kusetyenziswa [7].
Umfanekiso
1. Itekhnoloji yonyango lomzimba kunye nolwekhemikhali
Okwangoku, iindlela eziphambili zonyango lwe-physical kunye ne-chemical zokuvelisa amanzi amdaka ziquka: indlela ye-gas flotation, indlela ye-coagulation sedimentation, indlela ye-adsorption, indlela ye-reverse osmosis, indlela ye-incineration kunye ne-advanced oxidation process [8].
Ukongeza, iindlela zokucoca nge-electrolysis kunye neendlela zokucoca ngekhemikhali, ezifana neendlela zokucoca nge-FE-C micro-electrolysis kunye neendlela zokucoca nge-MAP zokususa i-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus, nazo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango lwamanzi amdaka aphakathi kwamayeza.
1.1 Indlela yokujiya kunye nokudibanisa inkunkuma
Inkqubo yokuxinana yinkqubo apho amasuntswana axhonyiweyo kunye namasuntswana e-colloidal emanzini aguqulwa abe yimeko engaguqukiyo ngokongeza ii-arhente zeekhemikhali aze ahlanganiswe abe zii-flocs okanye ii-flocs ezilula ukwahlulahlula.
Okwangoku, obu buchwephesha busetyenziswa rhoqo kunyango lwangaphambi konyango, unyango oluphakathi kunye nonyango oluphambili lwamanzi amdaka eyeza [10].
Itekhnoloji yokujiya kunye nokuthungwa kwenkunkuma ineengenelo zobuchwepheshe obuvuthiweyo, izixhobo ezilula, ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kunye nokugcinwa okulula.
Nangona kunjalo, kuya kubakho inani elikhulu lenkunkuma yeekhemikhali eza kuveliswa kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kobu buchwepheshe, nto leyo eya kukhokelela kwi-pH ephantsi yokungcola kunye nomxholo wetyuwa ophezulu wamanzi amdaka.
Ukongeza, iteknoloji yokuxinana kunye neyokutsalwa kwenkunkuma ayinakususa ngokufanelekileyo ukungcola okunyibilikisiweyo emanzini amdaka, kwaye ayinakususa ngokupheleleyo ukungcola okunobungozi nokuyingozi emanzini amdaka.
1.2 Indlela yokukhupha imvula ngeekhemikhali
Indlela yokukhupha amanzi ngekhemikhali yindlela yekhemikhali yokususa ukungcola emanzini amdaka ngokusebenzisa iikhemikhali phakathi kweekhemikhali ezinyibilikayo kunye nokungcola emanzini amdaka ukuze kwenziwe iityuwa ezinganyibilikiyo, ii-hydroxide okanye iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo.
Amanzi amdaka aphakathi kwamayeza adla ngokuba noxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-ammonia nitrogen, i-phosphate kunye ne-sulfate ions, njl. Kolu hlobo lwamanzi amdaka, indlela yokukhupha iikhemikhali idla ngokusetyenziswa kunyango lwangaphambi konyango ngokwasemzimbeni nangokweekhemikhali ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwenkqubo yonyango lwe-biochemical elandelayo.
Njengeteknoloji yendabuko yokucoca amanzi, ukuna kweekhemikhali kudla ngokusetyenziswa ukuthambisa amanzi amdaka.
Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezicocekileyo kakhulu zekhemikhali kwinkqubo yokuvelisa amanzi amdaka aphakathi kwamayeza, amanzi amdaka adla ngokuqulatha uxinano oluphezulu lwe-ammonia nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, ukusebenzisa indlela ye-magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation kunokususa ngempumelelo ezi zinto zingcolisayo zimbini ngaxeshanye, i-magnesium ammonium phosphate salt precipitation evelisweyo inokuphinda isetyenziswe.
Indlela yokukhupha iikhemikhali yeMagnesium ammonium phosphate ikwaziwa ngokuba yindlela ye-struvite.
Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-pharmaceutical intermediate, isixa esikhulu se-sulfuric acid sidla ngokusetyenziswa kwezinye ii-workshops, kwaye i-pH yale nxalenye yamanzi amdaka inokuba phantsi. Ukuze kuphuculwe ixabiso le-pH yamanzi amdaka kwaye kususwe ii-ion ze-sulfate ngaxeshanye, indlela yokongeza i-CaO idla ngokusetyenziswa, ebizwa ngokuba yindlela yokukhupha iikhemikhali kwi-quicklime desulfurization.
1.3 ukufunxwa
Umgaqo wokususa ungcoliseko emanzini amdaka ngendlela yokufunxa ubhekisela ekusebenziseni izinto eziqinileyo ezinemingxuma ukufunxa ungcoliseko oluthile okanye uluhlu olubanzi lwamanzi amdaka, ukuze ungcoliseko olukumanzi amdaka lususwe okanye luphinde lusetyenziswe.
Izinto ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka i-fly ash, i-slag, i-activated carbon kunye ne-adsorption resin, apho i-activated carbon isetyenziswa kakhulu.
1.4 ukudada komoya
Indlela yokudada emoyeni yinkqubo yokunyanga amanzi amdaka apho amaqamza amancinci asasazeke kakhulu asetyenziswa njengabathwali bokunamathela kwizinto ezingcolisayo emanzini amdaka. Ngenxa yokuba uxinano lwamaqamza amancinci anamathela kwizinto ezingcolisayo lungaphantsi kolwamanzi kwaye ludada phezulu, ukwahlukana kolwelo oluqinileyo okanye ulwelo nolwelo kuyafezekiswa.
Iifom zokudada emoyeni ziquka ukudada emoyeni okunyibilikisiweyo, ukudada emoyeni okunomoya, ukudada emoyeni okusebenzisa i-electrolysis kunye nokudada emoyeni okusebenzisa i-chemical, njl. [18], phakathi kwazo apho ukudada emoyeni okusebenzisa i-chemical kufanelekile ukunyanga amanzi amdaka anomxholo ophezulu wokudada.
Indlela yokubhabha emoyeni ineengenelo zotyalo-mali oluphantsi, inkqubo elula, ukugcinwa okulula kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, kodwa ayinakususa ngokufanelekileyo ungcoliseko olunyibilikisiweyo kumanzi amdaka.
I-electrolysis eyi-1.5
Inkqubo ye-electrolytic kukusetyenziswa kwendima yangoku echukunyisiweyo, ukuvelisa uthotho lweempendulo zeekhemikhali, ukuguqula ungcoliseko oluyingozi emanzini amdaka kwaye sele lususiwe, umgaqo wokusabela kwenkqubo ye-electrolytic owenzeka kwisisombululo se-electrolyte ngokusebenzisa izinto ze-electrode kunye ne-electrode reaction, ukuvelisa i-oxygen entsha ye-ecological kunye ne-hydrogen [H] kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi amdaka lwe-REDOX reaction lususa ungcoliseko.
Indlela ye-electrolysis isebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwaye ilula ekunyangweni kwamanzi amdaka. Kwangaxeshanye, indlela ye-electrolysis inokususa ngokufanelekileyo izinto ezinombala emanzini amdaka kwaye iphucule ngokufanelekileyo ukubola kwamanzi amdaka.
Umfanekiso
2. Itekhnoloji ye-oxidation ephucukileyo
Itekhnoloji ye-oxidation ephucukileyo, njengetekhnoloji entsha yokucoca amanzi, ineenzuzo ezininzi, ezinje ngokusebenza kakuhle kokuwohloka kwezinto ezingcolisayo, ukuwohloka okucokisekileyo kunye nokuwohloka kwezinto ezingcolisayo kwaye kungabikho ungcoliseko lwesibini.
Itekhnoloji ye-oxidation ephucukileyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yitekhnoloji ye-oxidation enzulu, yitekhnoloji yonyango lwe-physical kunye ne-chemical esebenzisa i-oxidizer, ukukhanya, umbane, isandi, i-magnetic kunye ne-catalyst ukuvelisa ii-free radicals ezisebenzayo kakhulu (ezifana ne-OH) ukonakalisa ungcoliseko lwezinto eziphilayo olungenakuthintelwa.
Kwicandelo lonyango lwamanzi amdaka ngamayeza, iteknoloji ye-oxidation ephucukileyo iye yaba yinto ephambili kuphando olunzulu nengqwalaselo.
Itekhnoloji ye-oxidation ephucukileyo ibandakanya ikakhulu i-electrochemical oxidation, i-chemical oxidation, i-ultrasonic oxidation, i-wet catalytic oxidation, i-photocatalytic oxidation, i-composite catalytic oxidation, i-supercritical water oxidation kunye netekhnoloji edibeneyo ye-oxidation ephucukileyo.
Indlela ye-chemical oxidation kukusebenzisa ii-chemical agents ngokwazo okanye phantsi kweemeko ezithile ezine-oxidation enamandla uku-oxidation yezinto eziphilayo ezingcolisayo emanzini amdaka ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokususa izinto ezingcolisayo, iindlela ze-chemical oxidation eziquka i-ozone oxidation, indlela ye-Fenton oxidation kunye nendlela ye-wet catalytic oxidation.
2.1 Inkqubo yokunyibilikisa i-Fenton
Indlela ye-oxidation yeFenton luhlobo lwendlela ye-oxidation ephucukileyo esetyenziswa kakhulu okwangoku. Le ndlela isebenzisa ityuwa ye-ferric (i-Fe2+ okanye i-Fe3+) njenge-catalyst ukuvelisa i-OH ene-oxidation enamandla phantsi kwemeko yokongeza i-H2O2, enokuba ne-oxidation reaction kunye ne-organic pollutions ngaphandle kokukhetha ukufezekisa ukuwohloka kunye nokwakheka kwezimbiwa zezinto ezingcolisayo.
Le ndlela ineengenelo ezininzi, kuquka isantya sokusabela ngokukhawuleza, akukho ungcoliseko lwesibini kunye ne-oxidation enamandla, njl. Indlela ye-oxidation ye-Fenton isetyenziswa rhoqo kunyango lwamanzi amdaka ngamayeza ngenxa ye-reaction ye-oxidation engakhethiyo kwinkqubo ye-oxidation yamakhemikhali kwaye le ndlela inokunciphisa ubuthi bamanzi amdaka kunye nezinye iimpawu.
2.2 Indlela yokunyibilikisa i-electrochemical
Indlela ye-electrochemical oxidation kukusebenzisa izixhobo ze-electrode ukuvelisa i-superoxide free radical ·O2 kunye ne-hydroxyl free radical ·OH, zombini ezinomsebenzi ophezulu we-oxidation, zinoku-oxidation izinto eziphilayo emanzini amdaka, zize emva koko zifezekise injongo yokususa ungcoliseko.
Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ineempawu zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye neendleko eziphezulu.
2.3 I-oxidation ye-Photocatalytic
I-Photocatalytic oxidation yiteknoloji yonyango esebenza kakuhle kwiteknoloji yonyango lwamanzi, esebenzisa izinto ezibangela ukungcola (ezifana neTiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, njl.njl.) njengezithwali ze-catalytic ukwenza i-catalytic oxidation yobuninzi bezinto ezingcolisayo ezincitshiswayo emanzini amdaka, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokususa izinto ezingcolisayo.
Ngenxa yokuba uninzi lweekhompawundi ezifumaneka emanzini amdaka emithi zizinto ezikwi-polar ezine-acidic okanye izinto ezikwi-polar ezine-alkaline, ezo zinto zinokonakala ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kukukhanya.
2.4 Ukuxinana kwamanzi okubaluleke kakhulu
I-Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) luhlobo lobuchwepheshe bonyango lwamanzi obuthatha amanzi njengesixhobo kwaye busebenzisa iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zamanzi kwimeko ye-supercritical ukuphucula izinga lokusabela kunye nokufezekisa i-oxidation epheleleyo yezinto eziphilayo.
2.5 Itekhnoloji edibeneyo ye-oxidation ephucukileyo
Zonke iiteknoloji ze-oxidation eziphambili zisebenzisa imida yazo, ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle konyango lwamanzi amdaka, uthotho lweeteknoloji ze-oxidation eziphambili zihlanganiswa kunye, zenziwe indibaniselwano yeeteknoloji ze-oxidation eziphambili, okanye iteknoloji enye ye-oxidation ephezulu edityaniswe nezinye iiteknoloji zibe yiteknoloji entsha ukuphucula amandla e-oxidation kunye nesiphumo sonyango kunye nokuhlangabezana notshintsho lomgangatho wamanzi kunyango olukhulu lwamanzi amdaka lwamayeza.
I-UV-Fenton, i-UV-H2O2, i-UV-O3, i-ultrasonic photocatalysis, i-activated carbon photocatalysis, i-microwave photocatalysis kunye ne-photocatalysis, njl. Okwangoku, ezona teknoloji zifundwa kakhulu zokudibanisa i-ozone zezi [36]:
Inkqubo yekhabhoni evuselelwe yi-ozone, i-O3-H2O2 kunye ne-UV-O3, ngenxa yesiphumo sonyango lwamanzi amdaka anganyangekiyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobunjineli, i-O3-H2O2 kunye ne-UV-O3 zinamandla amakhulu ophuhliso.
Inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokudibanisa iFenton ibandakanya indlela ye-micro-electrolysis yeFenton, indlela ye-iron filings H2O2, indlela ye-photochemical yeFenton (efana nendlela ye-solar Fenton, indlela ye-UV-Fenton, njl.njl.), kodwa indlela ye-electrical Fenton isetyenziswa kakhulu.
Umfanekiso
3. Itekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji
Itekhnoloji yonyango lwe-biochemical yeyona teknoloji iphambili kunyango lwamanzi amdaka, ngokukhula kweentsholongwane, imetabolism, ukuzala kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokubola izinto eziphilayo emanzini amdaka, ukufumana amandla azo afunekayo kunye nokufezekisa injongo yokususa izinto eziphilayo.
3.1 Itekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji ye-Anaerobic
Iteknoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji ye-Anaerobic ikwimeko yokungabikho kwendalo ye-oksijini yemolekyuli, ukusetyenziswa kwe-metabolism yebhaktheriya ye-anaerobic, ngenkqubo ye-hydrolytic acidification, ukuveliswa kwe-hydrogen i-acetic acid kunye ne-methane production kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokuguqula ii-macromolecules, kunzima ukuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo zibe yi-CH4, i-CO2, i-H2O kunye nezinto ezincinci ze-molecule organic.
Amanzi amdaka enziweyo adla ngokuba nenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezijikelezayo ezinganyangekiyo, ezingenakonakaliswa ngokuthe ngqo kwaye zisetyenziswe yibhaktheriya ye-aerobic, ngoko ke itekhnoloji yonyango lwe-anaerobic yangoku iye yaba yindlela ephambili kwicandelo lonyango lwamanzi amdaka enziweyo ngamayeza ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe [43].
Itekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji ye-Anaerobic ineengenelo ezininzi: inkqubo yokusebenza kwe-reactor ye-anaerobic ayifuni ukubonelela ngomoya, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuphantsi;
Umthwalo wendalo wamanzi asebenzisa i-anaerobic ngokubanzi uphezulu.
Iimfuno zesondlo eziphantsi;
Imveliso yodaka lwe-anaerobic reactor iphantsi, kwaye i-sludge kulula ukuyicoca.
I-Methane eveliswa kwinkqubo ye-anaerobic inokuphinda isetyenziswe njengamandla.
Nangona kunjalo, ukungcola okuphuma kwi-anaerobic akunakukhutshwa ukuya kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo, kwaye kufuneka kulungiswe ngakumbi ngokudityaniswa nezinye iinkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, iteknoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji ye-anaerobic inovelwano kwixabiso le-pH, ubushushu kunye nezinye izinto. Ukuba ukuguquguquka kukhulu, impendulo ye-anaerobic iya kuchaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye emva koko umgangatho wokungcola uya kuchaphazeleka.
3.2 Itekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji ye-Aerobic
Iteknoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji ye-aerobic yiteknoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji esebenzisa ukubola kwe-oxidative kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwebhaktheriya ye-aerobic ukususa izinto eziphilayo eziwohlokileyo. Ngexesha lokukhula kunye ne-metabolism yezinto eziphilayo ze-aerobic, inani elikhulu lokuzala liya kwenziwa, eliya kuvelisa udaka olutsha olusebenzayo. Udaka olusebenzayo olugqithisileyo luya kukhutshwa ngohlobo lwedaka eliseleyo, kwaye amanzi amdaka aya kucocwa ngaxeshanye.

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