Imeko yangoku: ishishini lamachiza ligxile ikakhulu kwi-chemical synthesis pharmaceutical, biological pharmaceutical and traditional Chinese pharmaceutical drug, kwaye imveliso ineempawu zeemveliso ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo ezinzima kunye nezikali ezahlukeneyo zemveliso.
Amanzi amdaka aveliswa yinkqubo yoxubo-mayeza aneempawu zokuxinana okuphezulu kongcoliseko, amacandelo antsonkothileyo, ukonakala kwezinto eziphilayo kunye netyhefu ephezulu yebhayoloji.
Ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokuvundiswa kwemveliso yamayeza amdaka amanzi amdaka kunye nenqaku eliphambili kulawulo longcoliseko lweshishini lamayeza.
Amanzi amdaka adityaniswe nemichiza yeyona nto ingcolisayo ekhutshwa ngexesha lemveliso yamayeza [2].
Amanzi amdaka axutywe ngamayeza anokohlulwa ngokweendidi ezine [3], oko kukuthi ulwelo oluyinkunkuma kunye nolwelo olungumama kwinkqubo yokuvelisa;
Ulwelo olushiyekileyo ekubuyiseni lubandakanya isinyibilikisi, ulwelo oluyimfuneko, ngemveliso, njl.
Inkqubo yokuncedisa i-drainage efana namanzi okupholisa, njl.
Izixhobo kunye namanzi amdaka agungxulwa phantsi;
Amanzi amdaka asekhaya.
Itekhnoloji yonyango lwamanzi amdaka aphakathi amayeza
Ngokujonga iimpawu zamanzi amdaka aphakathi amayeza afana ne-COD ephezulu, i-nitrogen ephezulu, i-phosphorus ephezulu, ityuwa eninzi, i-chroma enzulu, ukubunjwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kunye nokubola kwe-biodegradability, iindlela zonyango ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka unyango lwe-physicochemical kunye nenkqubo yonyango lwe-biochemical [6].
Ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho wamanzi amdaka, uluhlu lweendlela ezinjengokudityaniswa kwenkqubo ye-physicochemical kunye nenkqubo yebhayoloji nayo iya kusetyenziswa [7].
Umfanekiso
1. Iteknoloji yonyango lomzimba kunye neekhemikhali
Okwangoku, iindlela eziphambili zonyango kunye neekhemikhali zonyango lwamanzi amdaka okuvelisa amayeza ziquka: indlela yokujikeleza kwegesi, indlela ye-coagulation sedimentation, indlela ye-adsorption, indlela ye-osmosis yokubuyisela, indlela yokutshisa kunye nenkqubo ye-oxidation ephezulu [8].
Ukongezelela, i-electrolysis kunye neendlela zokuchithwa kweekhemikhali, ezifana ne-FE-C micro-electrolysis kunye neendlela ze-MAP zemvula yokususwa kwe-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus, nazo zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunyango lwamanzi amdaka aphakathi amayeza.
1.1 Indlela yokudibanisa kunye nentlenga
Inkqubo ye-Coagulation yinkqubo apho iinqununu ezimisiweyo kunye ne-colloidal particles emanzini ziguqulwa zibe yindawo engazinzanga ngokudibanisa ii-chemical agents kwaye zihlanganiswe zibe yi-flocs okanye i-flocs elula ukuhlukana.
Okwangoku, le teknoloji idla ngokusetyenziswa kunyango lwangaphambili, unyango oluphakathi kunye nonyango oluphezulu lwamanzi amdaka amayeza [10].
Itekhnoloji ye-coagulation kunye ne-sedimentation ineenzuzo zobuchwephesha obuvuthiweyo, izixhobo ezilula, ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kunye nokugcinwa kakuhle.
Nangona kunjalo, kuya kubakho isixa esikhulu sodaka lwekhemikhali oluveliswe kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kobu buchwepheshe, okuya kukhokelela kwi-pH ephantsi yamanzi amdaka kunye nesiqulatho setyuwa eninzi kakhulu samanzi amdaka.
Ukongeza, itekhnoloji ye-coagulation kunye ne-sedimentation ayinakukwazi ukususa ngokufanelekileyo izingcolisi ezinyityilisiweyo kumanzi amdaka, kwaye ayinakukwazi ukususa ngokupheleleyo izinto ezingcolisa umkhondo ezinetyhefu neziyingozi kumanzi amdaka.
1.2 Indlela yokuna kweekhemikhali
Indlela yekhemikhali yemvula yindlela yekhemikhali yokususa ungcoliseko kumanzi amdaka ngokusabela kweekhemikhali phakathi kweekhemikhali ezinyibilikayo kunye nezingcolisi kumanzi amdaka ukwenza iityuwa ezinganyibilikiyo, iihydroxides okanye iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo.
Amanzi amdaka aphakathi amayeza ahlala equlathe ugxininiso olukhulu lwe-ammonia nitrogen, iphosphate kunye ne-sulfate ions, njl.njl. Kolu hlobo lwamanzi amdaka, indlela yokufumana imichiza isoloko isetyenziselwa ukunyangwa komzimba kunye neekhemikhali ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwenkqubo elandelayo yonyango lwe-biochemical.
Njengobuchwephesha bokucocwa kwamanzi ngokwesiko, imvula yeekhemikhali ihlala isetyenziselwa ukuthambisa amanzi amdaka.
Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali eziphezulu zokucoceka kwemathiriyeli ekrwada kwinkqubo yokuvelisa amanzi amdaka aphakathi amayeza, amanzi amdaka ahlala equlathe ugxininiso oluphezulu lwe-ammonia nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus kunye nolunye ungcoliseko, kusetyenziswa indlela ye-magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation inokususa ngokufanelekileyo ezi zingcolisi zimbini ngaxeshanye. ixesha, i magnesium ammonium phosphate evelisiweyo ityuwa imvula inokuphinda isetyenziswe.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation method is also known as struvite method.
Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-pharmaceutical intermediate, isixa esikhulu se-sulfuric acid sisoloko sisetyenziswa kwezinye iiworkshops, kwaye i-pH yale nxalenye yamanzi amdaka ingaba phantsi. Ukuze kuphuculwe ixabiso le-pH yamanzi amdaka kunye nokususa i-ion ze-sulfate ngexesha elifanayo, indlela yokongeza i-CaO isoloko isetyenziswa, ebizwa ngokuba yi-chemical precipitation method of quicklime desulfurization.
1.3 iadsorption
Umgaqo wokususwa kongcoliseko kumanzi amdaka ngendlela ye-adsorption ubhekisa kusetyenziso lwezixhobo eziqinileyo ezinamathambo ukubhengeza ungcoliseko oluthile okanye iintlobo ngeentlobo zongcoliseko kumanzi amdaka, ukuze ungcoliseko olukumanzi amdaka lususwe okanye lusetyenziswe kwakhona.
Ii-adsorbents ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka ezifana ne-fly ash, i-slag, i-activated carbon kunye ne-adsorption resin, phakathi kwayo i-carbon activated isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.
1.4 ukuhamba komoya
Indlela yokudada komoya yinkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka apho amaqamza amancinci asasazwe kakhulu asetyenziswa njengabathwali ukuvelisa ukuncamathela kwizinto ezingcolisa amanzi amdaka. Ngenxa yokuba ingxinano yamaqamza amancinci abambelela kwizinto ezingcolisayo ingaphantsi kowamanzi kwaye adadayo, ukwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo okanye ulwelo-ulwelo kuyenziwa.
Iifom zokudada komoya zibandakanya ukudada komoya okunyityilisiweyo, ukudada komoya okunyibilikayo, ukudada komoya kwe-electrolysis kunye nekhemikhali yokudada komoya, njl.njl. [18], apho ukudada komoya kweekhemikhali kufanelekileyo kunyango lwamanzi amdaka kunye nomxholo ophezulu omisiweyo.
Indlela ye-Air flotation ineenzuzo zotyalo-mali oluphantsi, inkqubo elula, ukugcinwa okufanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, kodwa ayikwazi ukususa ngokufanelekileyo ukungcola okunyibilikayo kumanzi amdaka.
1.5 i-electrolysis
Inkqubo ye-Electrolytic kukusetyenziswa kwendima echukunyiswayo yangoku, ukuvelisa uthotho lweempendulo zemichiza, iguqula ungcoliseko oluyingozi kumanzi amdaka kwaye isusiwe, umgaqo wokusabela wenkqubo ye-electrolytic yenzeka kwisisombululo se-electrolyte kungezinto ze-electrode kunye nokuphendula kwe-electrode, ukuvelisa indalo entsha. ioksijini ye-ikholoji kunye ne-hydrogen [H] kunye nongcoliseko lwamanzi amdaka lwe-REDOX reaction yenza ukususwa kongcoliseko.
Indlela ye-electrolysis inokusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza okulula kunyango lwamanzi amdaka. Ngelo xesha, indlela ye-electrolysis inokususa ngokufanelekileyo izinto ezinemibala kumanzi amdaka kwaye iphucule ngokufanelekileyo i-biodegradability yamanzi amdaka.
Umfanekiso
2. Itekhnoloji ye-oxidation ephezulu
Itekhnoloji ye-oxidation ekwinqanaba eliphezulu, njengobuchwepheshe obutsha bokucocwa kwamanzi, ineengenelo ezininzi, ezifana nokusebenza okuphezulu kokuthotywa kwezinto ezingcolisayo, ukuthotywa ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi kunye ne-oxidation yezinto ezingcolisayo kwaye kungabikho ungcoliseko lwesibini.
Itekhnoloji ye-oxidation ephezulu, eyaziwa ngokuba yitekhnoloji ye-oxidation enzulu, iteknoloji yonyango lomzimba kunye neekhemikhali esebenzisa i-oxidizer, ukukhanya, umbane, isandi, imagnethi kunye ne-catalyst ukuvelisa i-radicals yamahhala esebenzayo kakhulu (efana · · OH) ukuthobisa i-refractory organic pollutants.
Kwinkalo yonyango lwamanzi amdaka amayeza, itekhnoloji ye-oxidation ephezulu iye yaba yingqwalasela yophando olubanzi kunye nengqalelo.
Itekhnoloji ye-oxidation ephezulu kakhulu ibandakanya i-electrochemical oxidation, i-chemical oxidation, i-oxidation ye-ultrasonic, i-oxidation emanzi ye-catalytic, i-photocatalytic oxidation, i-oxidation edibeneyo ye-catalytic, i-oxidation yamanzi e-supercritical kunye ne-teknoloji edibeneyo ye-teknoloji edibeneyo.
Indlela ye-Chemical oxidation kukusebenzisa ii-chemical agents ngokwabo okanye phantsi kweemeko ezithile kunye ne-oxidation eqinile ukuze i-oxidize i-organic pollunts kumanzi amdaka ukuphumeza injongo yokususa ukungcola, iindlela ze-chemical oxidation ezibandakanya i-ozone oxidation, indlela ye-Fenton oxidation kunye ne-catalytic oxidation emanzi indlela.
2.1 Inkqubo ye-Fenton oxidation
Indlela ye-Fenton oxidation luhlobo lwendlela ye-oxidation ephezulu esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngoku. Le ndlela isebenzisa ityuwa ye-ferric (Fe2 + okanye i-Fe3 +) njenge-catalyst ukuvelisa ·OH kunye ne-oxidation eqinile phantsi kwemeko yokongeza i-H2O2, enokuthi ibe ne-oxidation reaction kunye ne-organic pollunts ngaphandle kokukhetha ukufezekisa ukuthotywa kunye ne-mineralization yezinto ezingcolileyo.
Le ndlela ineenzuzo ezininzi, kubandakanywa isantya sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, akukho ungcoliseko lwesibini kunye ne-oxidation eyomeleleyo, njl njl. Indlela ye-Fenton oxidation isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunyango lwamanzi amdaka amayeza ngenxa ye-non-selective oxidation reaction kwinkqubo ye-chemical oxidation kwaye indlela inokunciphisa i-oxidation. ubutyhefu bamanzi amdaka kunye nezinye iimpawu.
2.2 Indlela ye-Electrochemical oxidation
Indlela ye-electrochemical oxidation kukusebenzisa izinto ze-electrode ukuvelisa i-superoxide free radical ·O2 kunye ne-hydroxyl free radical ·OH, zombini ezinomsebenzi ophezulu we-oxidation, zinokukhupha i-oxidize into ephilayo emanzini amdaka, kwaye emva koko ifezekise injongo yokususa ukungcola.
Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ineempawu zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye neendleko eziphezulu.
2.3 I-Photocatalytic oxidation
I-Photocatalytic oxidation bubuchwepheshe bonyango olusebenzayo xa kuthelekiswa nobuchwephesha bokucocwa kwamanzi, obusebenzisa izixhobo ze-catalytic (ezifana ne-TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, njl.njl.) njengabathwali be-catalytic ukwenza i-oxidation ye-catalytic kuninzi lokunciphisa ungcoliseko kumanzi amdaka, ukuze ukuphumeza injongo yokususa izinto ezingcolisa umoya.
Ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwee-compounds eziqulethwe kumanzi amdaka amayeza zizinto ze-polar ezinamaqela ane-acidic okanye izinto ze-polar ezinamaqela e-alkaline, ezo zinto zinokutshatyalaliswa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo ngokukhanya.
2.4 I-Supercritical water oxidation
I-Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) luhlobo lwetekhnoloji yonyango lwamanzi oluthatha amanzi njengoluphakathi kwaye lusebenzisa iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zamanzi kwimo ephezulu kakhulu yokuphucula isantya sokuphendula kunye nokuqaphela i-oxidation epheleleyo yezinto eziphilayo.
2.5 Itekhnoloji edityanisiweyo ye-oxidation ephezulu
Zonke iitekhnoloji eziphambili ze-oxidation zisebenzisa imida apho, ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, uthotho lweetekhnoloji eziphucukileyo ze-oxidation zidityaniswe ndawonye, ​​zenze indibaniselwano yetekhnoloji ye-oxidation ephucukileyo, okanye itekhnoloji ye-oxidation ephezulu edityaniswe nobunye ubugcisa obutsha. itekhnoloji yokuphucula isakhono se-oxidation kunye nesiphumo sonyango kunye nokuhlangabezana nokutshintsha komgangatho wamanzi kudidi olukhulu lonyango lwamanzi amdaka amayeza.
I-UV-Fenton, i-UV-H2O2, i-UV-O3, i-photocatalysis ye-ultrasonic, i-activated carbon photocatalysis, i-microwave photocatalysis kunye ne-photocatalysis, njl.
Inkqubo ye-carbon esebenzayo ye-ozone, i-O3-H2O2 kunye ne-UV-O3, ukusuka kwimpembelelo yonyango yamanzi amdaka e-refractory kunye nesicelo sobunjineli, i-O3-H2O2 kunye ne-UV-O3 inamandla amakhulu ophuhliso.
Inkqubo yokudibanisa i-Fenton eqhelekileyo ibandakanya i-micro-electrolysis indlela ye-Fenton, i-iron filings ye-H2O2 indlela, indlela ye-photochemical Fenton (njengendlela ye-solar Fenton, indlela ye-UV-Fenton, njl.), Kodwa indlela ye-Fenton yombane isetyenziswa kakhulu.
Umfanekiso
3. Iteknoloji yonyango lwe-Biochemical
Itekhnoloji yonyango lwe-Biochemical iyona teknoloji iphambili kunyango lwamanzi amdaka, ngokukhula kwe-microbial, i-metabolism, ukuveliswa kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokubola i-organic matter kumanzi amdaka, bafumane amandla abo afunekayo kwaye bafezekise injongo yokususa izinto eziphilayo.
3.1 Itekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji yeAnaerobic
Itekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji yeAnaerobic kukungabikho kokusingqongileyo kweoksijini yemolekyuli, ukusetyenziswa kwemetabolism yebhaktiriya ye-anaerobic, ngenkqubo ye-hydrolytic acidification, imveliso ye-hydrogen acetic acid kunye nemveliso yemethane kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokuguqula iimacromolecules, kunzima ukuthoba umgangatho wezinto eziphilayo zibe yi-CH4, CO2 , i-H2O kunye ne-molecular organic matter encinci.
Amanzi amdaka axutyiweyo amayeza ahlala equlathe inani elikhulu le-cyclic refractory organic substances, engenako ukuthotywa ngokuthe ngqo kwaye isetyenziswe yibhaktheriya ye-aerobic, ke itekhnoloji yangoku yonyango lwe-anaerobic iye yaba yeyona ndlela iphambili kunyango lwamanzi amdaka amayeza ekhaya naphesheya [43] .
Itekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji ye-Anaerobic ineenzuzo ezininzi: inkqubo yokusebenza kwe-anaerobic reactor ayifuni ukubonelela nge-aeration, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuphantsi;
Umthwalo wendalo wamanzi anempembelelo ye-anaerobic uphezulu ngokubanzi.
Iimfuno zezondlo eziphantsi;
Imveliso yodaka lwe-anaerobic reactor iphantsi, kwaye i-sludge kulula ukuyikhupha emanzini.
Imethane eveliswa kwinkqubo ye-anaerobic inokuphinda isetyenziswe njengamandla.
Nangona kunjalo, amanzi amdaka e-anaerobic akanakukhutshelwa ukuya kumgangatho, kwaye kufuneka anyangwe ngokuqhubekayo ngokudityaniswa nezinye iinkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, itekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji ye-anaerobic inovakalelo kwixabiso le-pH, ubushushu kunye nezinye izinto. Ukuba ukuguquguquka kukhulu, i-anaerobic reaction iya kuchaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye ke umgangatho wamanzi amdaka uya kuchaphazeleka.
3.2 Itekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji yeAerobic
Itekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji yeAerobic yitekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji esebenzisa ukubola kwe-oxidative kunye ne-assimilation synthesis yebhaktiriya ye-aerobic ukususa izinto eziphilayo ezonakeleyo. Ngexesha lokukhula kunye nemetabolism yezinto eziphilayo ze-aerobic, inani elikhulu lokuzala liya kwenziwa, eliya kuvelisa i-sludge entsha esebenzayo. I-sludge esebenzayo engaphezulu iya kukhutshwa ngendlela ye-sludge eseleyo, kwaye amanzi amdaka aya kuhlanjululwa ngexesha elifanayo.

I-MIT -IVY Ishishini leMichiza kunyeIifektri ezi-4iminyaka eyi-19, iidayiPhakathis & abaphakathi bamayeza &emihle & iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo .TEL(WhatsApp):008613805212761 Athena