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Intshayelelo
Ukudaya (umbala) phakathi lisebe elibaluleke kakhulu kwishishini lemichiza elungileyo, kwaye uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini lokudaya (umbala) luxhomekeke ekuphuhliseni abaphakathi abahamba nalo.

Ukuveliswa kokudaya kunye ne-pigment intermediates e-China kuye kwaphuhliswa kakhulu ukususela ngo-1950, kunye nokhuphiswano olukhulayo kwimarike, ukudaya kunye ne-pigment intermediates ziye zavelisa iteknoloji yokuvelisa; impumelelo ekuphuhlisweni kweentlobo ezintsha, inkqubo yemveliso ephuculweyo, uphando ngeendlela ezintsha, ukusetyenziswa okutsha kweentlobo zakudala, ukukhuselwa kwendalo, njl.

Okokuqala, ukuphuhliswa kokusetyenziswa kwe-intermediates
Umfanekiso

Enyanisweni, ukuphuhliswa kokusetyenziswa kwe-intermediates kuninzi, i-intermediate ethile esetyenziswa kwi-dyestuff ebizwa ngokuba yi-dyes intermediates, kwaye isetyenziswe kwi-pesticides, i-pharmaceuticals kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-pesticides, i-pharmaceutical intermediates. Abaphakathi kufuneka bathathelwe ingqalelo njengesebe leshishini lemichiza elilungileyo lilonke, akufuneki lahlulwe ngokungqongqo kwi-dyestuff intermediates, i-pesticide intermediates, i-pharmaceutical intermediates yi-industry, eya kunciphisa umda wokusetyenziswa kwamanye ama-intermediates kwaye ichaphazele uphuhliso lwayo.

Uphando lwemichiza emihle ephakathi luphawulwa luluhlu olubanzi lweendidi, ukongeza kwiindidi ezimbalwa zesikali semveliso sikhulu kakhulu, uninzi lweentlobo zeetoni azikho zikhulu kakhulu, kodwa inkqubo yokulungiselela idla ngokuntsonkotha, ibandakanya ukuphendulwa kweyunithi kunye nenkqubo yokwahlukana. , imveliso ivelise inani elikhulu "lenkunkuma emithathu" efuna ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, kufuneka sizibandakanye kwinkqubo yophando lweemveliso zothotho kwaye siququzelele ukuveliswa kwabaphakathi ngokufanelekileyo ukuze sifumane izibonelelo zesikali esilungileyo.

Ukusuka kwimeko yamazwe angaphandle, uphando kunye nokuveliswa kwabaphakathi badla ngokugxilwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuphumeza imveliso yochungechunge, iseti yezixhobo zemveliso inokuvelisa iintlobo ezininzi ukuya kwishumi elinesibini labaphakathi, uphando olunjalo kunye nemveliso ngophuhliso olupheleleyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuvelisa. iteknoloji entsha kulula ukuyisebenzisa, iya kufezekisa kabini umphumo ngesiqingatha somzamo. Imeko yaseJapan ingaba yereferensi yethu, imveliso yokuqala ye-intermediates eJapan nayo ihlakazekile kakhulu, ukusuka kwi-1960 ibe ngamaxesha asixhenxe ukulungelelanisa, ukugxila.

Ngokusebenzisa inguqu kunye nophuhliso, ukudaya kunye ne-pigment intermediates ishishini laseTshayina lifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu malunga nomlinganiselo wemveliso, iteknoloji kunye nenqanaba lesixhobo, elingenako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso loshishino lwasekhaya lokudaya kunye ne-pigment, kodwa lubonelela ngomgangatho ophakathi. kumazwe angaphandle.

Izinto eziyimfuneko zokwenziwa kwe-intermediates zifumaneka ikakhulu kwiimveliso zepetroleum kunye ne-coking chemical industry, uninzi lwayo ibenzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone ikhompawundi, kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ze-heterocyclic, kunye ne-organic pigments elungiselelwe kunye ne-heterocyclic compounds intermediates. ukwanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukongeza, i-phenanthrene, i-pyridine, i-oxygen fluorene, i-quinoline, i-indole, i-carbazole, i-biphenyl series of compounds, ezi zixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweedayi, ngoko ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza zokwenziwa ziya kuba zibanzi kwaye ziphelele.

Okwesibini, ezona zixhaphakileyo zisetyenziswa kwimichiza ye-intermediates
Umfanekiso

Izinto ekrwada ziya kucutshungulwa kwidayi (umbala) kushishino intermediates zezona zixhaphakileyo kusetyenziswa reactions imichiza zezi zilandelayo.

(1) ukusabela kwe-sulfonation
(2) Ukusabela kwenitrogen
(3) ukusabela kwe-halogenation
(4) Ukusabela kokunciphisa ukulungiselela i-amino
(5) I-diazotization reaction (ihlala ihamba kunye ne-coupling reaction)
(6) i-alkali fusion reaction to replace group sulfonic acid to hydroxyl
(7) Ukusabela kwe-acylation
(8) Ukusabela kwe-oxidation
(9) i-condensation kunye ne-carbonation reaction
(10) Ukusabela kokuvumba (ikakhulu iiamino)
(11) ukusabela okuhambelanayo kwe-hydroxyl kunye namaqela e-amino
(12) i-hydroxyl okanye i-amino hydrocarbonation reaction

Ngokokwakheka kweringi emnandi yeekhemikhali eziphakathi, iziphakathi zinokwahlulwa zibe yinkqubo ye-aliphatic, inkqubo yebenzene, inkqubo ye-naphthalene, inkqubo ye-anthraquinone, inkqubo ye-heterocyclic kunye nenkqubo yeringi engqindilili. Ilizwe lethu linokuvelisa i-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone, inkqubo ye-heterocyclic, efana nokudaya, i-pigment intermediates ngaphezu kweentlobo ezingama-400, ngokusisiseko ukuhlangabezana nokudaya, iimfuno zophuhliso lweshishini le-pigment.

Iindidi eziphambili ze-benzene system zi.

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N- ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o-, p-aminoanisole, DSD, njl. N-methyl-m- toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, I-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxy aniline, 2-4-dimethyl aniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4 -methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- kunye ne-para-esters, njl.

Iintlobo eziphambili ze-naphthalene intermediates zi.

I-2-naphthol, i-H-acid, i-K-acid, i-2,3-acid, i-2,6-acid, i-tartaric acid, i-6-nitro-1, i-2, i-4-acid oxygenate, i-J-acid, i-peri-asidi, i-γ- i-asidi, i-G-ityuwa, i-R-ityuwa, i-amino K-acid, i-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, i-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, i-1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R- iasidi, njl. Iindidi eziphambili ze-anthraquinone intermediates zezi: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, I-1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, i-1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, i-1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, njl.

Iindidi eziphambili ze-heterocyclic system kunye nenkqubo yeringi engqindilili zi.

I-Melamine, i-barbituric acid, i-2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, i-2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, i-2-amino thiazole, i-dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N- ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, njl.