Izinto eziPhakathi: Izinto eziPhakathi zokudaya (i-pigment) lisebe elibaluleke kakhulu kushishino lweekhemikhali ezintle. Uphuhliso lwezinto ezixhasayo. Imveliso yaseTshayina yezinto eziPhakathi zokudaya kunye nombala iphuhlisiwe kakhulu ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, imveliso yezinto eziPhakathi zokudaya kunye nombala iye yaba qatha ngakumbi, kwaye kubekho izinto ezintsha kubuchwepheshe bokuvelisa. Senze inkqubela phambili kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngophando, ukusetyenziswa okutsha kweentlobo ezindala kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo, kwaye samkela inkqubo ecocekileyo yokuvelisa izinto eziPhakathi zokudaya kunye nombala.

1
Uphuhliso lokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphakathi

Enyanisweni, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphakathi kuphuhliso oluneendlela ezininzi, uhlobo oluthile lwezinto eziphakathi ezisetyenziswa kwiidayi ezibizwa ngokuba zii-dye intermediates, kwaye zisetyenziswa kwii-pesticides, kwi-pharmaceuticals, njalo njalo. Kwakhona kuthiwa zii-pesticide, ii-pharmaceutical intermediates. Kufuneka zithathwe njengesebe leshishini leekhemikhali elicocekileyo lilonke, akufuneki zahlulwe ngokungqongqo zibe zii-dye intermediates, ii-pesticides ...

Uphando lwe-Fine chemical intermediates luphawulwa ziintlobo ngeentlobo, ngaphandle kweentlobo ezimbalwa ze-production scale zinkulu kakhulu, uninzi lweentlobo ze-tonnage azinkulu kakhulu, kodwa inkqubo yokulungiselela idla ngokuba nzima ngakumbi, ibandakanya ii-unit reactions ezininzi kunye nokwahlukana, kwaye ukuveliswa kwe-"three waste" kufuneka kuphathwe kakuhle. Ke ngoko, kufuneka sibandakanyeke kuphando lwenkqubo yemveliso elandelelanayo, umbutho ofanelekileyo we-intermediates ukuze sifumane ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-scale scale.

Kwimeko yangaphandle, uphando kunye nemveliso yezinto eziphakathi zidla ngokugxininiswa ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kufezekiswe imveliso elandelelanayo. Kwiintlobo ezimbalwa ukuya kwezilishumi elinesibini zezinto eziphakathi, olo phando kunye nemveliso kulula ukuyisebenzisa ngophuhliso olupheleleyo kunye nokwamkelwa kwetekhnoloji entsha. Siza kufumana iziphumo eziphindwe kabini ngesiqingatha somzamo. Singabhekisa kwimeko yaseJapan, apho imveliso yezinto eziphakathi yayikade isasazwa kakhulu, ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1960. Ihlengahlengisiwe kwaye yagxininiswa izihlandlo ezisixhenxe.

Ngotshintsho nophuhliso, ishishini laseTshayina ledayi kunye ne-pigment intermediates lifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngokwezinga lemveliso, ubuchwepheshe kunye nenqanaba lezixhobo, elingenakuhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso lweshishini ledayi kunye ne-pigment lasekhaya kuphela, kodwa likwabonelela ngeemveliso ze-intermediates ezisemgangathweni ngakumbi kumazwe angaphandle.

Izinto ezifunekayo ekuhlanganiseni izinto eziphakathi zifunyanwa kakhulu kwiimveliso zepetroleum kunye neekhemikhali zokupheka, uninzi lwazo ziyi-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-naphthalene, kunye ne-naphthalene. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imibala yendalo eyenziwe kwii-heterocyclic intermediates iye yanda. Ukongeza, i-phenanthrene, i-pyridine, i-oxygen fluorene, i-quinoline, i-indole, i-carbazole, ii-biphenyl series compounds, ezi zinto zintsonkothileyo ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni i-dyestuff. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza zokwenziwa kuya kusasazeka kakhulu kwaye kuqheleke.

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Iimpendulo zeekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa izinto eziphakathi

Ezona mpendulo zixhaphakileyo zeekhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukucubungula izinto eziluhlaza zibe zizinto eziphakathi kwishishini lokudaya (i-pigment) zezi zilandelayo.

(1) Impendulo ye-Sulfonation
(2) Iimpendulo ze-nitrification
(3) Iimpendulo zeHalogenation
(4) Ukunciphisa impendulo yokulungiselela i-amino
(5) Iimpendulo ze-Diazotization (ezihlala zihamba neempendulo ze-coupling)
(6) Ukutshintshwa kwamaqela e-sulfonic acid abe ngamaqela e-hydroxyl ngeempendulo zokunyibilika kwe-alkali
(7) Iimpendulo ze-acetylation
(8) Iimpendulo ze-oxidation
(9) Iimpendulo zokufuma kunye nekhabhoni
(10) Iimpendulo ze-aromatization (ikakhulukazi ii-amino)
(11) Iimpendulo ezitshintshatshintshayo zamaqela e-hydroxyl kunye nama-amino
(12) I-Hydroxylation yamaqela e-hydroxyl okanye e-amino

Ngokwesakhiwo seringi ye-aromatic ye-fine chemical intermediates, zingahlulwa zibe yi-aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic kunye ne-dense. Inkqubo yeringi. Ilizwe lethu linokuvelisa iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-400 ze-benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic kunye nezinye izinto ezidityanisiweyo zokudaya kunye nombala, ezinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso lweshishini lokudaya kunye nombala.

3
Iindidi eziphambili zenkqubo ye-benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, i-o-nitrochlorobenzene, i-p-nitrochlorobenzene, i-p-nitrophenol, i-N,N-dimethylaniline, i-p-amino Anisole, i-p-nitroaniline, i-o-toluidine, i-2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, i-N-ethylaniline, i-m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, i-o-, i-p-phenylenediamine, i-3,3-dichlorobenzidine, i-benzidine, i-anisylamine, i-p-amine i-Benzenesulfonic acid, i-o-anisole, i-p-aminoanisole, i-DSD acid, i-p-aminophenetole, i-CTL acid, i-o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, i-acetoacetylacetamide i-o-Methoxyaniline, i-hydroquinone, i-resorcinol, i-N-methyl-m-toluidine, i-N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, ... N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, I-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline ... 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, njl.

4
Iindidi eziphambili ze-naphthalene intermediates

I-2-naphthol, i-H-acid, i-K-acid, i-2,3-acid, i-2,6-acid, i-thujaplic acid, ii-oxygen ze-6-nitro-1,2,4 acid. I-J-acid, i-peri-acid, i-gamma-acid, i-G-salt, i-R-salt, i-amino K-acid, i-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, i-1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, i-1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R-asidi njalo njalo. Izinto eziphakathi ze-anthraquinone ziquka: i-anthraquinone, i-1-amino anthraquinone, i-1,4-diamino anthraquinone, i-1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, i-1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R-acid, njl. I-Anthraquinone, i-1,5-diamino anthraquinone, i-1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, i-1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, i-1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, i-1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, njl.

5
Iintlobo eziphambili ze-heterocyclic kunye ne-dense-cyclic

I-Cyanuric chloride, i-barbituric acid, i-2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, i-2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, i-2-aminobenzothiazole I-Aminothiazole, i-dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, I-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, i-4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, i-naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! i-tetracarboxylic anhydride, njl.