Abaphakathi: Ukudaya (i-pigment) okuphakathi lisebe elibaluleke kakhulu kwishishini lemichiza elungileyo. Uphuhliso lwabaphakathi abaxhasayo. Imveliso yaseTshayina yeziphakathi zokudaya kunye nebala iphuhliswe kakhulu ukusukela ngoo-1950. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, ukuveliswa kwee-intermediates zedayi kunye ne-pigment kuye kwaba nzima ngakumbi, kwaye kukho izinto ezintsha kwi-teknoloji yokuvelisa. Senze impumelelo kwiindawo ezininzi, ezinjengophando, ukusetyenziswa okutsha kweentlobo zakudala kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo, kwaye samkele inkqubo ecocekileyo yokuveliswa kwedayi kunye ne-pigment intermediates. .

1
Ukuphuhliswa kokusetyenziswa kwabaphakathi

Enyanisweni, ukusetyenziswa kwe-intermediates kuphuhliso oluneenkalo ezininzi, uhlobo oluthile lwe-intermediates olusetyenziswa kwidayi ebizwa ngokuba yi-dye intermediates, kwaye isetyenziswe kwi-pesticides, amayeza, njalo njalo. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-pesticide, i-pharmaceutical intermediates. Ifanele ithathwe njengesebe leshishini lemichiza elilungileyo lilonke, akufuneki lahlulwe ngokungqongqo libe ngabaphakathi bedayi, abaphakathi bezinambuzane, abaphakathi bezinambuzane, abaphakathi bezinambuzane, abaphakathi bezinambuzane, abaphakathi bezinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, abaphakathi bezinambuzane. , abangeneleli bokubulala izitshabalalisi, abangeneleli bokubulala izitshabalalisi, abangeneleli bokubulala izitshabalalisi, abangeneleli bokubulala izitshabalalisi, abangeneleli bokubulala izitshabalalisi, abangeneleli bokubulala izitshabalalisi, abangeneleli bokubulala izitshabalalisi, abangeneleli bokubulala izitshabalalisi, abangeneleli bezinambuzane, abaphakathi, abaphakathi i-intermediates, i-pesticide intermediates, i-pesticide intermediates, i-pesticide intermediates, i-pesticide intermediates, i-pharmaceutical intermediates, eya kunciphisa uluhlu lokusetyenziswa kwamanye aphakathi kwaye luchaphazela uphuhliso lwabo.

Uphando lwemichiza emihle ephakathi luphawulwa ngoluhlu olubanzi, ngaphandle kweentlobo ezimbalwa zesikali semveliso sikhulu kakhulu, uninzi lweentlobo zeetoni azikho zikhulu kakhulu, kodwa inkqubo yokulungiselela ihlala inzima ngakumbi, ibandakanya ukuphendulwa kweyunithi kunye nokwahlula. ukuveliswa kweemali ezininzi "Inkunkuma emithathu" kufuneka iphathwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, kufuneka sibandakanyeke kuphando lwenkqubo yemveliso yeserial, umbutho ofanelekileyo wabaphakathi ukufumana impumelelo yokuvelisa.

Ukususela kwimeko yangaphandle, uphando kunye nokuveliswa kwabaphakathi bavame ukugxilwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuphumeza imveliso ye-serial. ezimbalwa ukuya kwishumi elinesibini iintlobo zabaphakathi, olo phando kunye nemveliso kulula ukuyiphumeza ngophuhliso olupheleleyo kunye nokwamkelwa kobuchwepheshe obutsha. Siza kufumana isiphumo esiphindwe kabini ngesiqingatha somzamo. Singabhekisela kwimeko yaseJapan, apho ukuveliswa kwabaphakathi kwakusetyenziselwa ukunatyiswa kakhulu, ukususela kwi-1960s. Iye yahlengahlengiswa yaza yagxininiswa izihlandlo ezisixhenxe.

Ngokusebenzisa inguqu kunye nophuhliso, idayi yaseTshayina kunye ne-pigment intermediates ishishini lifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu malunga nomlinganiselo wemveliso, iteknoloji kunye nenqanaba lesixhobo, elingenako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zedayi yasekhaya kunye nophuhliso loshishino lwe-pigment, kodwa nokubonelela ngakumbi umgangatho weemveliso ze-intermediates amazwe angaphandle.

Iimathiriyeli ekrwada ezifunekayo ekuhlanganiseni iziphakathi zifumaneka ikakhulu kwiimveliso zepetroleum kunye neshishini lekhemikhali yokupheka, uninzi lwayo ibenzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, kunye nenaphthalene. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ii-pigments eziphilayo ezilungiselelwe ukusuka kwi-heterocyclic intermediates ziye zanda. Ukongeza, i-phenanthrene, i-pyridine, i-oxygen fluorene, i-quinoline, i-indole, i-carbazole, i-biphenyl series compounds, ezi zixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwedayi. Ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada yokwenziwa kuya kuxhaphaka kwaye kuxhaphake.

2
Iimpendulo zemichiza eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa abaphakathi

Ezona mpendulo zixhaphakileyo zekhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukusetyenzwa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada zibe ziphakathi kwishishini lokudaya (pigment) zezi zilandelayo.

(1) Ukusabela kweSulfon
(2) Ukusabela kwe-nitrification
(3) Ukusabela kweHalogenation
(4) Ukusabela kokunciphisa ukulungiselela i-amino
(5) I-diazotization reactions (ihlala ihamba kunye neempendulo zokudibanisa)
(6) Ukutshintshwa kwamaqela e-sulfonic acid kumaqela e-hydroxyl nge-alkali-melting reactions
(7) Iimpendulo ze-acetylation
(8) Iimpendulo ze-oxidation
(9) I-condensation kunye ne-carbonation reactions
(10) Iimpendulo zokuvumba (ingakumbi iiamino)
(11) Iimpendulo ezitshintshayo ze-hydroxyl kunye namaqela e-amino
(12) I-Hydroxylation ye-hydroxyl okanye amaqela e-amino

Ngokwesakhi seringi esinevumba elimnandi lemidibaniso yeekhemikhali ezilungileyo, zinokuhlelwa zibe yi-aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic and dense. Inkqubo yeringi. Ilizwe lethu linokuvelisa ngaphezu kwe-400 iintlobo ze-benzene, i-naphthalene, i-anthraquinone, i-heterocyclic kunye nezinye i-intermediates zokudaya kunye ne-pigment, ezinokuthi zihlangabezane neemfuno zokuphuhlisa i-Dyeing kunye ne-pigment industry.

3
Iindidi ezinkulu zenkqubo yebenzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, I-N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine , N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m- toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, I-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4- imethyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl- i-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, i-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, I-4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5 -trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline , 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2 ,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4 ,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, njl.

4
Iintlobo eziphambili ze-naphthalene intermediates

I-2-naphthol, i-H-acid, i-K-acid, i-2,3-acid, i-2,6-acid, i-thujaplic acid, i-6-nitro-1,2,4 i-oxygen acid. I-J-acid, i-peri-asidi, i-gamma-acid, i-G-ityuwa, i-R-ityuwa, i-amino K-acid, i-2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, i-1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, i-1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene , 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid njalo njalo. I-anthraquinone intermediates ibandakanya: i-anthraquinone, i-1-amino anthraquinone, i-1,4-diamino anthraquinone, i-1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, i-1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, i-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, i-2R-acid, njl. i-anthraquinone, i-1. ,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, njl.

5
Iintlobo ezinkulu ze-heterocyclic kunye ne-dense-cyclic

I-Cyanuric chloride, i-barbituric acid, i-2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, i-2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, i-2-aminobenzothiazole i-Aminothiazole, i-dehydrothiobenzidine i-bisulfonic acid, i-3-cyano-4-methyl-6-ethyl3-hydroxydopy -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, njl.