Iidayi ezisabelayo zinyibilika kakuhle emanzini. Iidayi ezisabelayo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiqela le-sulfonic acid kwimolekyuli yedayi ukuze zinyibilike emanzini. Kwiidayi ezisabelayo zobushushu obuphantsi ezinamaqela e-vinylsulfone, ukongeza kwiqela le-sulfonic acid, i-β -Ethylsulfonyl sulfate ikwaliqela elinyibilikayo elihle kakhulu.

Kwisisombululo samanzi, ii-ion zesodium kwiqela le-sulfonic acid kunye neqela le--ethylsulfone sulfate zifumana i-hydration reaction ukuze idayi yenze i-anion kwaye inyibilike emanzini. Ukudaywa kwedayi ephendulayo kuxhomekeke kwi-anion yedayi eza kudaywa kwifayibha.

Ukunyibilika kweedayi ezisabelayo kungaphezulu kwe-100 g/L, uninzi lweedayi lunokunyibilika kwe-200-400 g/L, kwaye ezinye iidayi zinokufikelela kwi-450 g/L. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lenkqubo yokudaya, ukunyibilika kwedayi kuya kuncipha ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo (okanye nokuba akunyibiliki ngokupheleleyo). Xa ukunyibilika kwedayi kuncipha, inxalenye yedayi iya kutshintsha ukusuka kwi-anion enye ekhululekileyo ibe ziisuntswana, ngenxa yokugxojwa okukhulu kwetshaja phakathi kweesuntswana. Ukuncipha, iisuntswana kunye neesuntswana ziya kutsalana ukuze zenze i-agglomeration. Olu hlobo lokudityaniswa kuqala luqokelela iisuntswana zedayi zibe zii-agglomerates, emva koko ziguquke zibe zii-agglomerates, kwaye ekugqibeleni ziguquke zibe zii-flocs. Nangona ii-flocs luhlobo lokuhlanganiswa okukhululekileyo, ngenxa yokuba umaleko wazo wombane ojikelezileyo owenziwe ziitshaja ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ngokubanzi kunzima ukubola ngamandla okucheba xa utywala bedayi bujikeleza, kwaye ii-flocs kulula ukuzibeka kwilaphu, okubangela ukudaywa komphezulu okanye ukudaya.

Xa idayi idibene ngolu hlobo, ukukhawuleza kombala kuya kuncipha kakhulu, kwaye kwangaxeshanye kuya kubangela amazinga ahlukeneyo amabala, amabala, kunye namabala. Kwezinye iidayi, ukuxinana kuya kukhawulezisa ngakumbi ukuhlanganiswa phantsi kwamandla okucheba kwesisombululo sedayi, okubangela ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kunye nokutsalwa kwetyuwa. Nje ukuba ityuwa iphume, umbala odayiweyo uya kuba lula kakhulu, okanye ungadaywa, nokuba idaywe, iya kuba ngamabala anombala kunye namabala anzima.

Izizathu zokudibanisa idayi

Isizathu esiphambili yi-electrolyte. Kwinkqubo yokudaya, i-electrolyte ephambili yi-dye accelerant (ityuwa yesodiyam kunye netyuwa). I-dye accelerant ine-sodium ions, kwaye i-sodium ions elingana ne-sodium ions kwi-molecule yedayi iphantsi kakhulu kuneye-dye accelerant. Inani elilinganayo le-sodium ions, uxinaniso oluqhelekileyo lwe-dye accelerant kwinkqubo yokudaya eqhelekileyo aluyi kuba nefuthe elikhulu ekunyibilikeni kwedayi kwi-dye bath.

Nangona kunjalo, xa ubungakanani be-dye accelerant bukhula, uxinano lwee-sodium ions kwisisombululo luyanda ngokufanelekileyo. Ii-sodium ions ezingaphezulu ziya kuthintela i-ionization yee-sodium ions kwiqela elinyibilikayo lemolekyuli yedayi, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukunyibilika kwedayi. Emva kwe-200 g/L engaphezulu, uninzi lweedayi luya kuba namanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuhlanganiswa. Xa uxinano lwe-dye accelerator ludlula i-250 g/L, uxinano lwe-aggregation luya kwandiswa, kuqala lwenze ii-agglomerates, emva koko kwisisombululo sedayi. Ii-agglomerates kunye nee-floccules zenziwa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ezinye iidayi ezinonyibiliko oluphantsi zikhutshwa kancinci okanye zide ziphelelwe ngamanzi emzimbeni. Iidayi ezinezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zeemolekyuli zineempawu ezahlukeneyo zokulwa nokuhlanganiswa kunye nokumelana nokukhutshwa kwetyuwa. Okukhona ukunyibilika kuphantsi, iimpawu zokulwa nokuhlanganiswa kunye nokunyamezela ityuwa ziya kuba mbi. Okukhona ukusebenza kohlalutyo kubi.

Ukunyibilika kwedayi kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwinani lamaqela e-sulfonic acid kwimolekyuli yedayi kunye nenani le-β-ethylsulfone sulfates. Kwangaxeshanye, kokukhona imolekyuli yedayi inyibilika kakhulu, kokukhona inyibilika kakhulu kwaye inyibilika kancinci. Ukunyibilika kuphantsi. (Umzekelo, iidayi zesakhiwo se-azo zinyibilika kakhulu kuneedayi zesakhiwo se-heterocyclic.) Ukongeza, kokukhona isakhiwo semolekyuli yedayi sikhulu, kokukhona inyibilika iphantsi, kwaye isakhiwo semolekyuli sincinci, kokukhona inyibilika iphezulu.

Ukunyibilika kweedayi ezisabelayo
Ingohlulwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezine:

Iidayi zeClass A, eziqulethe i-diethylsulfone sulfate (oko kukuthi i-vinyl sulfone) kunye namaqela amathathu asebenzayo (i-monochloros-triazine + divinyl sulfone) zinobunyibiliko obuphezulu, njengeYuan Qing B, iNavy GG, iNavy RGB, iGolden: RNL Kwaye zonke iidayi ezimnyama ezisabelayo ezenziwe ngokuxuba iYuanqing B, iidayi zeqela ezisabelayo ezintathu ezifana nohlobo lwe-ED, uhlobo lweCiba, njl. Ukunyibilika kwezi dayi ikakhulu kumalunga ne-400 g/L.

Iklasi B, iidayi eziqulathe amaqela angasebenzi kakuhle (i-monochloros-triazine+vinylsulfone), ezifana ne-3RS etyheli, i-3BS ebomvu, i-6B ebomvu, i-GWF ebomvu, i-RR imibala emithathu ephambili, i-RGB imibala emithathu ephambili, njl. Ukunyibilika kwazo kusekelwe kwi-200 ~ 300 grams Ukunyibilika kwe-meta-ester kuphezulu kunokwe-para-ester.

Uhlobo C: I-Navy blue ekwaliqela elingasebenzi kakuhle: BF, i-Navy blue 3GF, i-dark blue 2GFN, i-red RBN, i-red F2B, njl. njl., ngenxa yamaqela ambalwa e-sulfonic acid okanye ubunzima obukhulu be-molecular, ukunyibilika kwayo kuphantsi, yi-100-200 g/ Rise kuphela. Udidi D: Iidayi ezineqela le-monovinylsulfone kunye nesakhiwo se-heterocyclic, kunye nokunyibilika okuphantsi, njengeBrilliant Blue KN-R, iTurquoise Blue G, iBright Yellow 4GL, iViolet 5R, iBlue BRF, iBrilliant Orange F2R, iBrilliant Red F2G, njl. Ukunyibilika kolu hlobo lwedayi kumalunga ne-100 g/L kuphela. Olu hlobo lwedayi luvakalelwa kakhulu kwii-electrolytes. Nje ukuba olu hlobo lwedayi ludibene, aludingi nokuba ludlule kwinkqubo ye-flocculation, lufakwe ityuwa ngokuthe ngqo.

Kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo yokudaya, isixa esiphezulu se-accelerator yedayi yi-80 g/L. Yimibala emnyama kuphela efuna uxinaniso oluphezulu lwe-accelerator yedayi. Xa uxinaniso lwedayi kwi-daying bath lungaphantsi kwe-10 g/L, uninzi lweedayi ezisabelayo zisenokunyibilika kakuhle kolu xinaniso kwaye aziyi kuhlangana. Kodwa ingxaki ikwi-vat. Ngokwenkqubo eqhelekileyo yokudaya, idayi yongezwa kuqala, kwaye emva kokuba idayi ixutywe ngokupheleleyo kwi-dayi bath ukuze ifane, kongezwa i-accelerant yedayi. I-accelerant yedayi ngokusisiseko igqibezela inkqubo yokunyibilika kwi-vat.

Sebenza ngokwenkqubo elandelayo

Ingqikelelo: uxinzelelo lokudaya yi-5%, umlinganiselo wotywala yi-1:10, ubunzima belaphu yi-350Kg (ukuhamba kolwelo oluphindwe kabini), inqanaba lamanzi yi-3.5T, i-sodium sulfate yi-60 g/ilitha, isixa sisonke se-sodium sulfate yi-200Kg (50Kg/iphakheji iyonke iipakeji ezi-4)) (Umthamo wetanki yezinto ngokubanzi malunga neelitha ezingama-450). Kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa i-sodium sulfate, ulwelo lwe-reflux lwe-dye vat luhlala lusetyenziswa. Ulwelo lwe-reflux luqulathe idayi eyongeziweyo ngaphambili. Ngokubanzi, ulwelo lwe-reflux lwe-300L lufakwa kuqala kwi-material vat, kwaye emva koko kugalelwa iipakethi ezimbini ze-sodium sulfate (100 kg).

Ingxaki ilapha, uninzi lweedayi luya kudibana ukuya kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kolu xinzelelo lwe-sodium sulfate. Phakathi kwazo, uhlobo lwe-C luya kuba nokuhlangana okukhulu, kwaye idayi ye-D ayizukudityaniswa kuphela, kodwa izakuphumela ngaphandle kwetyuwa. Nangona umqhubi oqhelekileyo eza kulandela inkqubo yokuzalisa kancinci isisombululo se-sodium sulfate kwi-vat yezinto ezibonakalayo kwi-vat yedayi ngepompo ephambili yokujikeleza. Kodwa idayi kwisisombululo se-300 litres se-sodium sulfate yenze ii-flocs kwaye yade yaphuma netyuwa.

Xa yonke isisombululo esikwi-vat yezinto sizaliswe kwi-daeing vet, kubonakala ngokucacileyo ukuba kukho umaleko wee-dye particles ezinamafutha eludongeni lwe-vat nasezantsi kwe-vat. Ukuba ezi dye particles zikhuhliwe zifakwe emanzini acocekileyo, kuba nzima kakhulu. Zinyibilike kwakhona. Enyanisweni, iilitha ezingama-300 zesisombululo esingena kwi-dae vet zonke zinje.

Khumbula ukuba kukwakho neepakethi ezimbini zeYuanming Powder eziza kunyibilikiswa zize ziphinde zifakwe kwisitya sedayi ngale ndlela. Emva kokuba oku kwenzeke, amabala, amabala, kunye namabala aya kwenzeka, kwaye ukukhawuleza kombala kuncipha kakhulu ngenxa yokudaya umphezulu, nokuba akukho flocculation okanye ityuwa ecacileyo. KwiKlasi A kunye neKlasi B enokunyibilika okuphezulu, ukuhlanganiswa kwedayi kuya kwenzeka. Nangona ezi dayi zingekabikho flocculation, ubuncinane inxalenye yedayi sele yenze ii-agglomerates.

Ezi aggregates kunzima ukuzingena kwifayibha. Kuba indawo engenamofu yefayibha yomqhaphu ivumela kuphela ukungena nokusasazwa kweedayi ze-mono-ion. Akukho aggregates zinokungena kwindawo engenamofu yefayibha. Ingafunxwa kuphela kumphezulu wefayibha. Ukukhawuleza kombala kuya kuncipha kakhulu, kwaye amabala kunye namabala ombala aya kwenzeka nakwiimeko ezinzima.

Inqanaba lesisombululo sedayi ezisabelayo linxulumene neearhente ze-alkaline

Xa i-alkali agent yongezwa, i-β-ethylsulfone sulfate yedayi ephendulayo iya kuba ne-exit reaction ukuze yenze i-vinyl sulfone yayo yokwenyani, enyibilikayo kakhulu kwiijini. Ekubeni i-exit reaction ifuna ii-alkali agents ezimbalwa kakhulu, (idla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwe-1/10 yedosi yenkqubo), okukhona i-alkali dosage yongezwa, kokukhona idayi ezininzi ezisusa i-reaction. Nje ukuba i-exit reaction ivele, ukunyibilika kwedayi kuya kuncipha.

I-alkali agent efanayo ikwayi-electrolyte enamandla kwaye ine-sodium ions. Ke ngoko, ukuxinana okugqithisileyo kwe-alkali agent kuya kubangela ukuba idayi eyenze i-vinyl sulfone ihlangane okanye iphume netyuwa. Ingxaki efanayo iyenzeka kwitanki yezinto. Xa i-alkali agent inyibilika (thatha i-soda ash njengomzekelo), ukuba isisombululo se-reflux sisetyenziswa. Ngeli xesha, ulwelo lwe-reflux sele luqulethe i-dye acceleration agent kunye nedayi kwi-process concentration eqhelekileyo. Nangona inxalenye yedayi isenokuba iphelile yifayibha, ubuncinane ngaphezulu kwe-40% yedayi eseleyo ikwi-dye liquor. Masithi ipakethi ye-soda ash igalelwe ngexesha lokusebenza, kwaye ukuxinana kwe-soda ash etankini kudlula i-80 g/L. Nokuba i-dye accelerator kwi-reflux liquid yi-80 g/L ngeli xesha, idayi etankini nayo iya kuxinana. Iidayi ze-C kunye ne-D zinokuphuma netyuwa, ngakumbi kwiidayi ze-D, nokuba ukuxinana kwe-soda ash kwehla ukuya kwi-20 g/l, kuya kwenzeka i-local salting out. Phakathi kwazo, iBrilliant Blue KN.R, iTurquoise Blue G, kunye neSupervisor BRF zezona zinobuntununtunu kakhulu.

Ukudibanisa idayi okanye ukongeza ityuwa akuthethi ukuba idayi inyibilikisiwe ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba yi-agglomeration okanye ukongeza ityuwa okubangelwa yi-accelerator yedayi, isenokudaywa logama nje inokunyibilika kwakhona. Kodwa ukuze iphinde inyibilike, kuyimfuneko ukongeza isixa esaneleyo sokuncedisa idayi (njenge-urea 20 g/l okanye ngaphezulu), kwaye ubushushu kufuneka bunyuswe bube ngama-90°C nangaphezulu ngokuxubha okwaneleyo. Ngokucacileyo kunzima kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yokwenyani.
Ukuze kuthintelwe ukuba iidayi zingadibani okanye zingatyiwa yityuwa kwisitya, inkqubo yokudlulisa idayi kufuneka isetyenziswe xa kusenziwa imibala enzulu nexineneyo yeedayi ze-C kunye ne-D ezinokunyibilika kancinci, kunye needayi ze-A kunye ne-B.

Ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunye nohlalutyo

1. Sebenzisa idayi ye-dye ukubuyisela i-dye accelerant kwaye uyifudumeze kwi-veti ukuze uyinyibilikise (60 ~ 80℃). Ekubeni kungekho dayi emanzini acocekileyo, i-dye accelerator ayinayo i-affinity kwilaphu. I-dye accelerator enyibilikisiweyo inokuzaliswa kwi-dyeing vat ngokukhawuleza okukhulu.

2. Emva kokuba isisombululo setyuwa sijikeleziswe imizuzu emi-5, i-dye accelerant iyafana ngokupheleleyo, kwaye emva koko kongezwa isisombululo sedayi esiye sanyibilika kwangaphambili. Isisombululo sedayi kufuneka sixutywe nesisombululo se-reflux, kuba uxinzelelo lwe-dye accelerant kwisisombululo se-reflux yi-80 grams /L kuphela, idayi ayizukuhlangana. Kwangaxeshanye, kuba idayi ayizukuchaphazeleka yi-dye accelerator (ephantsi kakhulu), ingxaki yokudaya iya kubakho. Ngeli xesha, isisombululo sedayi akufuneki silawulwe lixesha lokuzalisa i-dyeing vat, kwaye idla ngokugqitywa kwimizuzu eli-10-15.

3. Iiarhente ze-alkali kufuneka zifakwe amanzi amaninzi kangangoko, ngakumbi kwiidayi ze-C kunye ne-D. Ngenxa yokuba olu hlobo lwedayi lunobuthathaka kakhulu kwiiarhente ze-alkaline xa kukho iiarhente ezikhuthaza idayi, ukunyibilika kweearhente ze-alkaline kuphezulu (ukunyibilika kwe-soda ash kwi-60°C yi-450 g/L). Amanzi acocekileyo afunekayo ukunyibilikisa iarhente ye-alkali akufuneki abe maninzi kakhulu, kodwa isantya sokongeza isisombululo se-alkali kufuneka sihambelane neemfuno zenkqubo, kwaye ngokubanzi kungcono ukuyongeza ngendlela ethe kratya.

4. Kwidayi ze-divinyl sulfone ezikudidi A, izinga lokusabela liphezulu kakhulu kuba zinobuthathaka kakhulu kwiiarhente ze-alkaline kuma-60°C. Ukuze uthintele ukuqina kombala kwangoko kunye nombala ongalinganiyo, ungongeza i-1/4 yearhente ye-alkali kubushushu obuphantsi.

Kwinkqubo yokudaya ngokudlulisa, yi-alkali agent kuphela ekufuneka ilawule izinga lokutya. Inkqubo yokudaya ngokudlulisa ayisebenzi kuphela kwindlela yokufudumeza, kodwa ikwasebenza nakwindlela yobushushu obungaguqukiyo. Indlela yobushushu obungaguqukiyo inokunyusa ukunyibilika kwedayi kwaye ikhawulezise ukusasazwa nokungena kwedayi. Izinga lokudumba kwendawo engaguqukiyo yefayibha kwi-60°C liphindwe kabini kunelo kwi-30°C. Ke ngoko, inkqubo yobushushu obungaguqukiyo ifanelekile ngakumbi kwitshizi, ihank. Imiqadi ye-Warp ibandakanya iindlela zokudaya ezinemilinganiselo ephantsi yotywala, njengokudaya nge-jig, ezifuna ukungena okuphezulu nokusasazwa okanye uxinzelelo lwedayi oluphezulu.

Qaphela ukuba i-sodium sulfate ekhoyo ngoku kwimarike ngamanye amaxesha i-alkaline, kwaye ixabiso layo le-PH linokufikelela kwi-9-10. Oku kuyingozi kakhulu. Ukuba uthelekisa i-sodium sulfate ecocekileyo netyuwa ecocekileyo, ityuwa inefuthe eliphezulu ekuhlanganisweni kwedayi kune-sodium sulfate. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-sodium ions elinganayo kwityuwa yetafile iphezulu kune-sodium sulfate enobunzima obufanayo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kweedayi kunxulumene kakhulu nomgangatho wamanzi. Ngokubanzi, ii-ion ze-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ezingaphantsi kwe-150ppm aziyi kuba nefuthe elikhulu ekuhlanganisweni kweedayi. Nangona kunjalo, ii-ion zesinyithi esinzima emanzini, ezifana nee-ion ze-ferric kunye nee-ion ze-aluminium, kuquka nezinye ii-microorganisms ze-algae, ziya kukhawulezisa ukuhlanganiswa kwedayi. Umzekelo, ukuba uxinzelelo lwee-ion ze-ferric emanzini ludlula i-20 ppm, amandla okulwa nokuhlangana kwedayi anokuncitshiswa kakhulu, kwaye impembelelo ye-algae imbi ngakumbi.

Iqhotyoshelwe kwidayi yokulwa nokuhlangana kunye novavanyo lokumelana netyuwa:

Isigqibo 1: Bulala i-0.5 g yedayi, i-25 g ye-sodium sulfate okanye ityuwa, uze uyinyibilikise kwi-100 ml yamanzi acocekileyo kwi-25°C malunga nemizuzu emi-5. Sebenzisa ityhubhu yokuthontsiza ukuze ufunxe isisombululo uze ulahle amathontsi ama-2 ngokuqhubekayo kwindawo enye kwiphepha lokucoca.

Isigqibo sesi-2: Bulala i-0.5 g yedayi, i-8 g ye-sodium sulfate okanye ityuwa kunye ne-8 g ye-soda ash, uze uyinyibilikise kwi-100 ml yamanzi acocekileyo malunga nama-25°C malunga nemizuzu emi-5. Sebenzisa idropha ukuze ufunxe isisombululo kwiphepha lokucoca rhoqo. Amathontsi ama-2.

Le ndlela ingentla ingasetyenziselwa ukugweba ngokulula amandla edayi okulwa nokudibanisa kunye nokukhupha ityuwa, kwaye ngokusisiseko inokugweba ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo yokudaya ekufuneka isetyenziswe.