Idayi ezisebenzayo zinokunyibilika kakuhle kakhulu emanzini. Idayi ezisebenzayo ikakhulu zixhomekeke kwiqela le-sulfonic acid kwimolekyuli yedayi ukuze inyibilike emanzini. Kwi-meso-temperature reactive dyes equkethe amaqela e-vinylsulfone, ngaphezu kweqela le-sulfonic acid, i-β -Ethylsulfonyl sulfate nayo liqela elihle kakhulu lokunyibilika.

Kwisisombululo samanzi, i-ion zesodium kwiqela le-sulfonic acid kunye ne-ethylsulfone sulfate iqela lifumana impendulo ye-hydration ukwenza idayi ibe yi-anion kwaye inyibilike emanzini. Ukudaywa kwedayi esebenzayo kuxhomekeke kwi-anion yedayi eza kudaywa kwifiber.

I-solubility yeedayi ezisebenzayo zingaphezulu kwe-100 g / L, ezininzi iidayi zine-solubility ye-200-400 g / L, kwaye ezinye iidayi zinokufikelela kwi-450 g / L. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lenkqubo yokudaya, i-solubility yedayi iya kuncipha ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo (okanye i-insoluble ngokupheleleyo). Xa i-solubility yedayi iyancipha, inxalenye yedayi iya kutshintsha ukusuka kwi-anion eyodwa yamahhala ukuya kwiinqununu, ngenxa yokunyanzeliswa kwentlawulo enkulu phakathi kweengqungquthela. Ukuncipha, amasuntswana kunye namasuntswana aya kutsala omnye komnye ukuvelisa agglomeration. Olu hlobo lwe-agglomeration kuqala luqokelela amasuntswana edayi kwi-agglomerates, emva koko lujike lube zii-agglomerates, kwaye ekugqibeleni lujike lube ziiflocs. Nangona i-flocs luhlobo lwendibano ekhululekileyo, ngenxa yabo Umbane ojikelezileyo ophindwe kabini umaleko owenziwe ngeentlawulo ezilungileyo kunye nezibi ngokuqhelekileyo kunzima ukubola ngamandla okucheba xa utywala bedayi bujikeleza, kwaye i-flocs ilula ngokukhawuleza kwilaphu, okubangela ukudaywa komphezulu okanye ukungcolisa.

Yakuba idayi idityaniswe ngolu hlobo, ukukhawuleza kombala kuya kuncitshiswa kakhulu, kwaye kwangaxeshanye kuya kubangela amabala ahlukeneyo, amabala namabala. Kwezinye iidayi, i-flocculation iya kuqhubela phambili ukuqhubela phambili ukudibanisa phantsi kwe-shear force yesisombululo sedayi, okubangela ukuphelelwa kwamanzi kunye ne-salting ngaphandle. Emva kokuba i-salting iphume, umbala odayiweyo uya kuba lula kakhulu, okanye ungadayi, nokuba udayiwe, uya kuba ngumbala obomvu kunye namabala.

Iimbangela zokudityaniswa kwedayi

Esona sizathu siphambili yi-electrolyte. Kwinkqubo yokudaya, i-electrolyte ephambili yidayi ekhawulezayo (ityuwa yesodium kunye netyuwa). I-accelerant yedayi iqulethe i-ion zesodium, kwaye i-sodium ion elinganayo kwi-molecule yedayi iphantsi kakhulu kune-accelerant yedayi. Inani elilinganayo le-sodium ion, i-concentration yesiqhelo ye-accelerator yedayi kwinkqubo yokudaya eqhelekileyo ayiyi kuba nefuthe elikhulu kwi-solubility yedayi kwindawo yokuhlambela idayi.

Nangona kunjalo, xa inani ledayi elikhawulezayo linyuka, ukuxinwa kwee-ion zesodium kwisisombululo kwandisa ngokufanelekileyo. I-ion ye-sodium eyongezelelweyo iya kuthintela i-ionization ye-sodium ion kwiqela lokuchithwa kwe-molecule yedayi, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ukunyibilika kwedayi. Emva kwe-200 g / L, ezininzi iidayi ziya kuba needigri ezahlukeneyo zokuhlanganisa. Xa ukuxinwa kwe-accelerator yedayi kudlula i-250 g / L, i-degree of aggregation iya kuqiniswa, okokuqala yenze i-agglomerates, kwaye emva koko kwisisombululo sedayi. Ii-agglomerates kunye neefloccules zenziwe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ezinye iidayi ezinokunyibilika okuphantsi zigalelwa ityuwa okanye ziphelelwe ngamanzi. Idayi ezinezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zemolekyuli zineepropati ezahlukeneyo zokuchasa i-agglomeration kunye netyuwa-ngaphandle. I-solubility ephantsi, i-anti-agglomeration kunye neempawu zokunyamezela ityuwa. Okubi kakhulu ukusebenza kohlalutyo.

I-solubility yedayi inqunywe ngokukodwa ngamanani e-sulfonic acid amaqela kwi-molecule yedayi kunye nenani le-β-ethylsulfone sulfates. Kwangaxeshanye, i-hydrophilicity enkulu ye-molecule yedayi, iphezulu i-solubility kwaye iyancipha i-hydrophilicity. Okusezantsi ukunyibilika. (Umzekelo, iidayi ze-azo structure zingaphezulu kwe-hydrophilic kune-dyes ye-heterocyclic structure.) Ukongezelela, i-molecular structure yedayi inkulu, i-solubility ephantsi, kunye ne-molecular structure encinci, i-solubility ephezulu.

Ukunyibilika kwedayi ezisebenzayo
Inokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezine:

Iklasi A, iidayi eziqulethe i-diethylsulfone sulfate (okt vinyl sulfone) kunye namaqela amathathu asebenzayo (i-monochloros-triazine + divinyl sulfone) ine-solubility ephezulu, njenge-Yuan Qing B, i-Navy GG, i-Navy RGB, i-Golden: i-RNL Kwaye bonke abamnyama abasebenzayo benziwa ngu. ukuxuba i-Yuanqing B, iidayi zeqela ezintathu ezisebenzayo ezifana nohlobo lwe-ED, uhlobo lwe-Ciba s, njl.

Udidi B, iidayi eziqulethe amaqela e-heterobireactive (monochloros-triazine+vinylsulfone), njenge-3RS etyheli, i-3BS ebomvu, i-6B ebomvu, i-GWF ebomvu, i-RR imibala emithathu yokuqala, i-RGB imibala emithathu yokuqala, njl. I-solubility ye-meta-ester iphezulu kune-para-ester.

Uhlobo C: I-Navy blue ekwayi-heterobireactive iqela: i-BF, i-Navy blue 3GF, i-blue blue 2GFN, i-RBN ebomvu, i-F2B ebomvu, njl., ngenxa yamaqela ambalwa e-sulfonic acid okanye ubunzima obukhulu be-molecular, ukunyibilika kwayo kuphantsi, kuphela i-100 kuphela. -200 g/ Ukunyuka. Iklasi D: Iidayi ezineqela le-monovinylsulfone kunye nesakhiwo se-heterocyclic, kunye ne-solubility ephantsi kakhulu, njenge-Brilliant Blue KN-R, i-Turquoise Blue G, i-Bright Yellow 4GL, i-Violet 5R, i-Blue BRF, i-Orange e-Brilliant F2R, i-Brilliant Red F2G, njl. yolu hlobo lwedayi imalunga ne-100 g/L kuphela. Olu hlobo lwedayi lunomdla ngakumbi kwi-electrolytes. Nje ukuba olu hlobo lwedayi ludityaniswe, akufuneki nokuba ludlule kwinkqubo yokucolwa, lukhuphe ityuwa ngokuthe ngqo.

Kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo yokudaya, inani eliphezulu le-accelerator yedayi yi-80 g / L. Yimibala emnyama kuphela efuna ukugxilwa okuphezulu kwedayi ye-accelerator. Xa ugxininiso lwedayi kwibhafu yokudaya lungaphantsi kwe-10 g / L, iidayi ezininzi ezisebenzayo zisene-solubility efanelekileyo kule ngqungquthela kwaye aziyi kuhlanganisana. Kodwa ingxaki ikwi-vat. Ngokwenkqubo eqhelekileyo yokudaya, idayi yongezwa kuqala, kwaye emva kokuba idayi ihlanjululwe ngokupheleleyo kwibhafu yedayi ukuze ifane, i-accelerant yedayi yongezwa. I-accelerant yedayi igqibezela inkqubo yokuchithwa kwi-vat.

Sebenza ngokwenkqubo elandelayo

Ingqikelelo: ukudaya koxinaniso yi-5%, umlinganiselo wotywala ngu-1:10, ubunzima belaphu yi-350Kg (ukuhamba kolwelo lombhobho kabini), inqanaba lamanzi yi-3.5T, i-sodium sulfate yi-60 g/litre, inani lilonke le-sodium sulfate yi-200Kg (50Kg). / iphakheji iyonke iipakethe ezi-4) ) (Umthamo wetanki yezinto eziphathekayo ngokubanzi malunga neelitha ezingama-450). Kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa i-sodium sulfate, i-reflux liquid ye-vat yedayi isoloko isetyenziswa. Ulwelo lwe-reflux luqulethe idayi eyongeziweyo ngaphambili. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-300L ye-reflux liquid iqala ifakwe kwi-vat yempahla, kwaye iipakethi ezimbini ze-sodium sulfate (100 kg) zigalelwe.

Ingxaki ilapha, iidayi ezininzi ziya kuhlangana kwiidigri ezahlukeneyo kolu xinzelelo lwe-sodium sulfate. Phakathi kwabo, uhlobo lwe-C luya kuba ne-agglomeration enzulu, kwaye idayi ye-D ayiyi kuba yi-agglomerated kuphela, kodwa kunye netyuwa ngaphandle. Nangona umqhubi jikelele uya kulandela inkqubo yokuzalisa ngokukhawuleza isisombululo se-sodium sulfate kwi-vat yezinto eziphathekayo kwi-vat yedayi ngokusebenzisa impompo engundoqo yokujikeleza. Kodwa idayi kwiilitha ezingama-300 zesisombululo se-sodium sulfate yenze iiflocs kwaye yakhupha ityuwa.

Xa sonke isisombululo kwi-vat yezinto eziphathekayo sigcwaliswa kwi-vat yokudaya, kubonakala ngokucacileyo ukuba kukho uluhlu lwamasuntswana edayi egreasy eludongeni lwe-vat kunye nezantsi kwe-vat. Ukuba la masuntswana edayi akhutshiwe aze afakwe emanzini acocekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kunzima. Yinyibilikise kwakhona. Enyanisweni, iilitha ezingama-300 zesisombululo esingena kwivathi yedayi zonke zinje.

Khumbula ukuba kukho iipakethi ezimbini zeYuanming Powder eziya kunyibilikiswa kwaye ziphinde zifakwe kwivathi yedayi ngale ndlela. Emva kokuba oku kwenzekile, amabala, amabala, kunye namabala ayenzeka, kwaye ukuqina kombala kuncitshiswe kakhulu ngenxa yokudaywa komphezulu, nokuba akukho flocculation ecacileyo okanye ityuwa. KwiKlasi A kunye neKlasi B enokunyibilika okuphezulu, ukudityaniswa kwedayi kuya kwenzeka. Nangona ezi dayi zingekabikho i-flocculations, ubuncinci inxalenye yedayi sele yenze i-agglomerates.

Ezi aggregates kunzima ukungena kwifiber. Kuba indawo ye-amorphous yefayibha yomqhaphu ivumela kuphela ukungena kunye nokusasazwa kwedayi ye-mono-ion. Akukho zi-aggregates ezinokungena kwindawo ye-amorphous yefiber. Inokubhengezwa kuphela kumphezulu wefiber. Ukukhawuleza kombala kuya kuncitshiswa kakhulu, kwaye amabala ombala kunye namabala aya kwenzeka kwiimeko ezinzima.

Iqondo lesisombululo seedayi ezisebenzayo linxulumene ne-alkaline agents

Xa i-agent yealkali idityanisiwe, i-β-ethylsulfone sulfate yedayi esebenzayo iya kuba nempendulo yokuphelisa ukwenza i-vinyl sulfone yayo yokwenyani, enyibilika kakhulu kwiijini. Ekubeni i-reaction reaction ifuna i-alkali agents ezimbalwa kakhulu, (ihlala ibala kuphela ngaphantsi kwe-1/10 ye-dosage yenkqubo), idosi ye-alkali eninzi yongezwa, iidayi ezininzi eziphelisa ukusabela. Emva kokuba i-reaction reaction yenzeke, ukunyibilika kwedayi kuya kuncipha.

I-agent efanayo ye-alkali nayo i-electrolyte eyomeleleyo kwaye iqulethe i-sodium ions. Ke ngoko, ukugxininiswa kwe-alkali egqithisileyo kuya kubangela ukuba idayi eyenze i-vinyl sulfone idibanise okanye ikhuphe ityuwa. Ingxaki efanayo iyenzeka kwitanki yezinto. Xa i-agent ye-alkali ichitheka (thatha i-soda ash njengomzekelo), ukuba isisombululo se-reflux sisetyenzisiweyo. Ngeli xesha, i-reflux liquid sele iqulethe i-agent ekhawulezayo yedayi kunye nedayi kwi-concentration yenkqubo eqhelekileyo. Nangona inxalenye yedayi isenokuphelelwa yintsinga, ubuncinane ngaphezu kwe-40% yedayi eseleyo ikutywala bedayi. Masithi ipakethi yesoda ash igalelwe ngexesha lokusebenza, kwaye ukuxinwa kwesoda ash kwitanki kudlula i-80 g/L. Nokuba i-accelerator yedayi kwi-reflux liquid yi-80 g / L ngeli xesha, idayi kwi-tank nayo iya kudibanisa. Idayi ye-C kunye ne-D inokukhupha ityuwa, ngakumbi kwiidayi ze-D, nokuba i-concentration ye-soda ash yehla ukuya kwi-20 g / l, i-salting yendawo iya kwenzeka. Phakathi kwabo, iBrilliant Blue KN.R, Turquoise Blue G, kunye neSupervisor BRF zezona zinovakalelo.

Ukudityaniswa kwedayi okanye ukukhupha ityuwa akuthethi ukuba idayi iye yafakwa i-hydrolyzed ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba i-agglomeration okanye i-salting out ebangelwa yi-accelerator yedayi, isenokudaywa ukuba ingaphinda inyibilike. Kodwa ukuze udibanise kwakhona, kuyimfuneko ukongeza inani elaneleyo lomsizi wedayi (njenge-urea 20 g / l okanye ngaphezulu), kwaye izinga lokushisa kufuneka liphakanyiswe kwi-90 ° C okanye ngaphezulu kunye nokuvuselela okwaneleyo. Ngokucacileyo kunzima kakhulu kumsebenzi wokwenene wenkqubo.
Ukuze kuthintelwe iidayi ukuba zidibanise okanye zifakwe kwi-vat, inkqubo yokudaya kufuneka isetyenziswe xa kusenziwa imibala enzulu kwaye igxininiswe kwiidayi ze-C kunye ne-D ezinokunyibilika okuphantsi, kunye ne-A kunye ne-B.

Ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunye nohlalutyo

1. Sebenzisa ivathi yedayi ukubuyisela isantya sedayi kwaye uyifudumeze kwivat ukuyinyibilikisa (60～80℃). Ekubeni kungekho dayi emanzini amatsha, i-accelerator yedayi ayinayo indibaniselwano yelaphu. I-accelerator yedayi enyibilikisiweyo inokuzaliswa kwi-vat yokudaya ngokukhawuleza.

2. Emva kokuba isisombululo se-brine sijikelezwe imizuzu emi-5, i-dayi ye-accelerant ihambelana ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ke isisombululo sedayi esichithwe kwangaphambili songezwa. Isisombululo sedayi kufuneka sihlanjululwe ngesisombululo se-reflux, kuba ukugxininiswa kwedayi ekhawulezayo kwisisombululo se-reflux kuphela i-80 grams / L, idayi ayiyi kudibanisa. Ngelo xesha, ngenxa yokuba idayi ayiyi kuchaphazeleka (i-concentration ephantsi kakhulu) i-accelerator yedayi, ingxaki yokudaya iya kwenzeka. Ngeli xesha, isisombululo sedayi akudingeki ukuba silawulwe ngexesha lokuzalisa i-vat yokudaya, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo igqitywe kwimizuzu eyi-10-15.

3. Ii-alkali agents kufuneka zifakwe emanzini kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngakumbi kwi-C kunye ne-D dyes. Ngenxa yokuba olu hlobo lwedayi lunovelwano kakhulu kwi-alkaline agents phambi kwee-agent zokukhuthaza idayi, ukunyibilika kwee-alkaline agents kuphezulu kakhulu (i-solubility ye-soda ash kwi-60 ° C yi-450 g / L). Amanzi acocekileyo afunekayo ukunyibilikisa i-agent ye-alkali ayifuni ukuba yinto eninzi kakhulu, kodwa isantya sokongeza isisombululo se-alkali kufuneka sihambelane neemfuno zenkqubo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kungcono ukuyongeza ngendlela eyongezelelweyo.

4. Kwiidayi ze-divinyl sulfone kudidi A, izinga lokuphendula liphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuba linomdla kakhulu kwi-alkaline agents kwi-60 ° C. Ukuze uthintele ukulungiswa kombala kwangoko kunye nombala ongalinganiyo, unokongeza ngaphambili i-1/4 ye-agent ye-alkali kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi.

Kwinkqubo yokudlulisa idayi, yi-agent ye-alkali kuphela efuna ukulawula izinga lokutya. Inkqubo yokudlulisa idayi ayisebenzi kuphela kwindlela yokufudumala, kodwa iyasebenza kwindlela yokushisa eqhubekayo. Indlela yokushisa eqhubekayo inokunyusa ukunyibilika kwedayi kwaye ikhawulezise ukusabalalisa kunye nokungena kwedayi. Izinga lokudumba kwendawo ye-amorphous yefayibha kwi-60 ° C imalunga nokuphindwe kabini ukuphakama kunoko kwi-30 ° C. Ngoko ke, inkqubo yokushisa eqhubekayo ifaneleka ngakumbi kwi-cheese, hank. Imiqadi ye-Warp ibandakanya iindlela zokudaya ezinomlinganiselo ophantsi wotywala, ezifana ne-jig dyeing, efuna ukungena okuphezulu kunye nokusabalalisa okanye ukugxininiswa kwedayi ephezulu.

Qaphela ukuba i-sodium sulfate ekhoyo ngoku kwimarike ngamanye amaxesha i-alkaline, kwaye ixabiso layo le-PH linokufikelela kwi-9-10. Oku kuyingozi kakhulu. Ukuba uthelekisa i-sulfate ye-sodium ecocekileyo kunye netyuwa ecocekileyo, ityuwa inefuthe eliphezulu kwi-aggregation yedayi kune-sodium sulfate. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukulingana kwee-ion zesodium kwityuwa yetafile kuphezulu kunesodium sulfate kubunzima obufanayo.

Ukudityaniswa kwedayi kunxulumene kakhulu nomgangatho wamanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ion engaphantsi kwe-150ppm ayiyi kuba nempembelelo enkulu ekudityanisweni kwedayi. Nangona kunjalo, ii-ion zetsimbi enzima emanzini, ezinje nge-ferric ion kunye ne-aluminium ion, kubandakanywa ne-algae microorganisms, ziya kukhawulezisa ukudityaniswa kwedayi. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ukuxinwa kwee-ion ze-ferric emanzini kudlula i-20 ppm, ikhono lokuchasana nedayi lingancitshiswa kakhulu, kwaye impembelelo ye-algae inzima kakhulu.

Encanyathiselwe kwidayi echasene ne-agglomeration kunye novavanyo lokuxhathisa ityuwa:

Ukuzimisela kwe-1: Ukulinganisa i-0.5 g yedayi, i-25 g ye-sodium sulfate okanye ityuwa, kwaye uyichithe kwi-100 ml yamanzi ahlambulukileyo kwi-25 ° C malunga nemizuzu emi-5. Sebenzisa ityhubhu yokuthontsiza ukufunxa isisombululo kwaye uwise amathontsi ama-2 ngokuqhubekayo kwindawo efanayo kwiphepha lokucoca.

Ukuzimisela kwe-2: Ukulinganisa i-0.5 g yedayi, i-8 g ye-sodium sulfate okanye ityuwa kunye ne-8 g ye-soda ash, kwaye uyichithe kwi-100 ml yamanzi ahlambulukileyo malunga ne-25 ° C malunga nemizuzu emi-5. Sebenzisa idropper ukufunxa isisombululo kwiphepha lokucoca ngokuqhubekayo. 2 amathontsi.

Le ndlela ingentla ingasetyenziselwa ukugweba ngokulula i-anti-agglomeration kunye ne-salting-out yedayi, kwaye ngokusisiseko inokugweba ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo yokudaya kufuneka isetyenziswe.