Isicelo

1. Isetyenziswa njenge-reagent yezinto eziphilayo kunye ne-organic synthesis dehydration kunye ne-arhente yokuncipha

2. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni nasekupheliseni amanzi emzimbeni kwe-amikacin kunye nee-amino acids. Yiarhente elungileyo yokuphelisa amanzi emzimbeni kwiqondo eliphantsi lobushushu

3. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni ii-amino acids kwi-polypeptide yokwenziwa. Umzekelo, kwi-FMOC – i-solid phase synthesis, iqela le-carboxyl le-amino acid lenza i-amide bond kunye neqela le-amino lenye i-amino acid. Ukuze iqela le-carboxyl libe sesichengeni sokuhlaselwa yi-nucleophile, i-atom ye-oxygen etshajwe kakubi kufuneka iqale isebenze yi-Chemicalbook ibe liqela eliphuma ngcono. I-DCC idlala le ndima. I-atom ye-oxygen yeqela le-carboxyl kwi-amino acid isebenza njenge-nucleophile ukuhlasela i-atom ye-carbon embindini we-DCC molecule ukuze i-DCC kunye neqela le-carboxyl zidibane zenze isakhiwo se-ester, okwenza uhlaselo lwe-nucleophilic lweqela le-amino lube lula ukwenziwa.

4. I-reagent yokudibanisa; I-reagent yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni; I-Transhydrogenase iguqula i-mitochondria yentliziyo yenkomo; I-F1F0-adenosine triphosphate kunye nezinye izithinteli ze-hydrogen transposase