Ukuqinisa isisombululo esiqinileyo

1. Inkcazo

Isiganeko apho izinto ezixutywayo zinyibilika kwisinyithi esisisiseko ukuze kubangele ukuphambuka kwelatisi ethile ngaloo ndlela konyuswe amandla e-alloy.

2. Umgaqo

Iiathom ezinyibilikayo ezinyibilikiswe kwisisombululo esiqinileyo zibangela ukujijeka kwelatisi, okwandisa ukumelana nokuhamba kwentshukumo, kwenza kube nzima ukutyibilika, kwaye kwandisa amandla kunye nobunzima besisombululo esiqinileyo se-alloy. Le meko yokuqinisa isinyithi ngokunyibilikisa into ethile enyibilikayo ukuze yenze isisombululo esiqinileyo ibizwa ngokuba kukuqinisa isisombululo esiqinileyo. Xa uxinzelelo lweeathom ezinyibilikayo lufanelekile, amandla kunye nobunzima bezinto zinokunyuswa, kodwa ukuqina kwayo kunye nokuqina kwayo kuye kwehla.

3. Izinto ezibangela impembelelo

Okukhona i-atomic fraction yee-atoms ezinyibilikayo iphezulu, kokukhona i-atomic effect yokuqinisa iphezulu, ingakumbi xa i-atomic fraction iphantsi kakhulu, i-atomic effect yokuqinisa ibaluleke ngakumbi.

Okukhona umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweeathom ze-solute kunye nobukhulu beathom yesinyithi esisisiseko, kokukhona isiphumo sokuqinisa sikhulu.

Iiathom ze-interstitial solute zinesiphumo sokuqinisa isisombululo esiqinileyo ngakumbi kuneeathom zokutshintsha, kwaye ngenxa yokuba i-lattice distortion yeeathom ze-interstitial kwiikristale ze-cubic ezigxile emzimbeni ayilingani, isiphumo sazo sokuqinisa sikhulu kuneseekristale ze-cubic ezigxile ebusweni; kodwa iiathom ze-interstitial Ukunyibilika okuqinileyo kuncinci kakhulu, ngoko ke isiphumo sokuqinisa sokwenyani sincinci.

Okukhona umahluko omkhulu kwinani lee-electron ze-valence phakathi kwee-athom ze-solute kunye ne-base metal, kokukhona isiphumo sokuqinisa isisombululo esiqinileyo sibonakala ngokucacileyo, oko kukuthi, amandla okuvelisa isisombululo esiqinileyo ayanda ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwe-valence electron.

4. Ubungakanani bokuqiniswa kwesisombululo esiqinileyo buxhomekeke kakhulu kwezi zinto zilandelayo

Umahluko kubukhulu phakathi kweeathom ze-matrix kunye neeathom ze-solute. Okukhona umahluko kubukhulu, kokukhona ukuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo sekristale sokuqala kukhulu, kwaye kokukhona kunzima ukutyibilika kwe-dislocation.

Ubungakanani bezinto ezidibanisayo. Okukhona izinto ezidibanisayo zininzi, kokukhona umphumo wokuqinisa uba mkhulu. Ukuba iiathom ezininzi kakhulu zikhulu kakhulu okanye zincinci kakhulu, ukunyibilika kuya kugqithwa. Oku kubandakanya enye indlela yokuqinisa, ukuqinisa isigaba esisasazekileyo.

Iiathom ze-interstitial solute zinefuthe elikhulu lokuqinisa isisombululo esiqinileyo kuneeathom ezitshintshayo.

Okukhona umahluko omkhulu kwinani lee-electron ze-valence phakathi kwee-athomu ze-solute kunye ne-base metal, kokukhona isiphumo sokuqinisa isisombululo esiqinileyo sibaluleke ngakumbi.

5. Isiphumo

Amandla okuvelisa, amandla okutsalwa kunye nobunzima zinamandla kuneentsimbi ezicocekileyo;

Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-ductility iphantsi kuneyesinyithi esicocekileyo;

Ukuqhuba kombane kuphantsi kakhulu kunesinyithi esicocekileyo;

Ukumelana nokurhubuluza, okanye ukulahleka kwamandla kubushushu obuphezulu, kunokuphuculwa ngokuqinisa isisombululo esiqinileyo.

Ukuqinisa umsebenzi

1. Inkcazo

Njengoko inqanaba lokuguquka kobushushu lisanda, amandla kunye nobunzima bezinto zesinyithi ziyanda, kodwa ukuqina kunye nokuqina kuncipha.

2. Intshayelelo

Isiganeko apho amandla nobunzima bezinto zesinyithi bukhula xa ziguquguquka ngeplastiki ngaphantsi kobushushu bokuphinda zisetyenziswe, ngelixa ukuqina kunye nokuqina kuncipha. Kwaziwa nangokuba kukuqina komsebenzi obandayo. Isizathu kukuba xa isinyithi siguquguquka ngeplastiki, iinkozo zekristale ziyatyibilika kwaye ukuqhekeka kwazo kuyaxinana, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iinkozo zekristale zinde, ziqhekeke, kwaye zibe yifayibha, kwaye uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo lwenziwa kwisinyithi. Umgangatho wokuqina komsebenzi udla ngokubonakaliswa ngumlinganiselo wobunzima obuncinci bomaleko womphezulu emva kokulungiswa ukuya kulowo ngaphambi kokulungiswa kunye nobunzulu bomaleko oqinileyo.

3. Ukutolikwa ngokwembono yethiyori yokudilika

(1) Kwenzeka ukudibana phakathi kokukhubeka, kwaye ukunqunyulwa okubangelwa yiyo kuthintela intshukumo yokukhubeka;

(2) Kwenzeka impendulo phakathi kokukhubeka, kwaye ukukhubeka okuzinzileyo okwenziwayo kuthintela intshukumo yokukhubeka;

(3) Ukwanda kokusasazeka kweendawo ezithile kwenzeka, kwaye ukwanda koxinano lokusasazeka kweendawo ezithile kwandisa ngakumbi ukumelana nentshukumo yokusasazeka kweendawo ezithile.

4. Ingozi

Ukuqina komsebenzi kuzisa ubunzima ekuqhubekeni kokucubungula iindawo zesinyithi. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo yokuqengqeleka ipleyiti yesinyithi ngokubandayo, kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi ukuyiqengqeleka, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukuqhoboshelwa okuphakathi ngexesha lenkqubo yokucubungula ukuze kupheliswe ukuqina komsebenzi ngokufudumeza. Omnye umzekelo kukwenza umphezulu wento yokusebenza ube buthathaka kwaye uqine kwinkqubo yokusika, ngaloo ndlela kukhawuleziswe ukuguguleka kwezixhobo kunye nokwandisa amandla okusika.

5. Iingenelo

Ingaphucula amandla, ubulukhuni kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka kweentsimbi, ingakumbi kwezo zinyithi zicocekileyo kunye nee-alloys ezithile ezingenakuphuculwa ngonyango lobushushu. Umzekelo, ucingo lwentsimbi olutsalwa ngokubandayo olunamandla aphezulu kunye nentwasahlobo eqhotsiweyo ebandayo, njl.njl., zisebenzisa ukuguqulwa kokusebenza okubandayo ukuphucula amandla ayo kunye nomda we-elastic. Omnye umzekelo kukusetyenziswa kokuqina komsebenzi ukuphucula ubulukhuni kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka kweetanki, imizila yetrektara, imihlathi ye-crusher kunye neendlela zokujikeleza zikaloliwe.

6. Indima kubunjineli boomatshini

Emva kokutsalwa okubandayo, ukuqengqeleka nokucofa (jonga ukuqinisa umphezulu) kunye nezinye iinkqubo, amandla omphezulu wezinto zesinyithi, iindawo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo anokuphuculwa kakhulu;

Emva kokuba iindawo zixinezelekile, uxinzelelo lwendawo kwiindawo ezithile ludla ngokugqitha umda wemveliso yezinto, nto leyo ebangela ukuguquka kweplastiki. Ngenxa yokuqina komsebenzi, uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lokuguquka kweplastiki luyathintelwa, nto leyo enokuphucula ukhuseleko lweendawo kunye nezinto;

Xa inxalenye yesinyithi okanye icandelo ligximfizwa, ukuguquka kwayo kweplastiki kuhamba nokuqina, ukuze ukuguquka kudluliselwe kwinxalenye engasebenziyo ejikelezileyo. Emva kwezenzo ezinjalo eziphindaphindwayo, iindawo zokuxinanisa ezibandayo ezine-deformation efanayo yecandelo elinqamlezileyo zinokufunyanwa;

Ingaphucula ukusebenza kokusikwa kwentsimbi enekhabhoni ephantsi kwaye yenze kube lula ukwahlula iitships. Kodwa ukuqina komsebenzi kuzisa ubunzima ekuqhubekeni nokusetyenzwa kweendawo zesinyithi. Umzekelo, ucingo lwentsimbi olutsalwa ngokubandayo ludla amandla amaninzi ukuze luqhubeke nokutsala ngenxa yokuqina komsebenzi, kwaye lusenokuqhekeka. Ke ngoko, kufuneka lufakwe emanzini ukuze kupheliswe ukuqina komsebenzi ngaphambi kokuba lutsalwe. Omnye umzekelo kukuba ukuze umphezulu wento yokusebenza ube buthathaka kwaye ube nzima ngexesha lokusika, amandla okusika ayanda ngexesha lokusika kwakhona, kwaye ukuguguleka kwezixhobo kuyakhawuleza.

Ukuqinisa iinkozo ezincinci

1. Inkcazo

Indlela yokuphucula iimpawu zoomatshini zezinto zesinyithi ngokucoca iinkozo zekristale ibizwa ngokuba kukuqinisa ukucocwa kwekristale. Kwishishini, amandla ezinto ayaphucuka ngokucoca iinkozo zekristale.

2. Umgaqo

Iintsimbi zihlala ziipolycrystals ezenziwe ziinkozo ezininzi zekristale. Ubungakanani beenkozo zekristale bunokubonakaliswa linani leenkozo zekristale ngeyunithi nganye yomthamo. Okukhona inani lininzi, kokukhona iinkozo zekristale zincinci. Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba iintsimbi ezicoliweyo kubushushu begumbi zinamandla aphezulu, ubulukhuni, iplastiki kunye nokuqina kuneentsimbi ezicoliweyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba iinkozo ezincinci zidlula kwi-deformation yeplastiki phantsi kwamandla angaphandle kwaye zinokusasazwa kwiinkozo ezininzi, ukuguquka kweplastiki kuyafana ngakumbi, kwaye uxinzelelo loxinzelelo luncinci; ukongeza, okukhona iinkozo zincinci, kokukhona indawo yomda wengqolowa inkulu kwaye imida yeenkozo inzima ngakumbi. Okukhona ukusasazeka kweentanda kungathandeki. Ke ngoko, indlela yokuphucula amandla ezinto ngokucoca iinkozo zekristale ibizwa ngokuba kukuqinisa ukucocwa kweenkozo kushishino.

3. Isiphumo

Okukhona ubungakanani bengqolowa buncinci, kokukhona inani lee-dislocations (n) kwi-dislocation cluster lincinci. Ngokutsho kwe-τ=nτ0, okukhona uxinzelelo loxinzelelo luncinci, kokukhona amandla ezinto aphakama;

Umthetho oqinisayo wokuqinisa iinkozo ezincinci kukuba xa imida yeenkozo ininzi, kokukhona iinkozo zicotha. Ngokobudlelwane beHall-Peiqi, ixabiso eliphakathi (d) lincinci, kokukhona amandla emveliso yezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo aphezulu.

4. Indlela yokucocwa kweenkozo

Ukwandisa izinga lokupholisa phantsi;

Unyango lokuwohloka;

Ukungcangcazela kunye nokushukumisa;

Kwiintsimbi eziguquliweyo ezibandayo, iinkozo zekristale zinokucocwa ngokulawula inqanaba lokuguquka kunye nobushushu bokutsalwa.

Uqiniso lwesigaba sesibini

1. Inkcazo

Xa kuthelekiswa nee-alloys zesigaba esinye, ii-alloys zesigaba esininzi zinesigaba sesibini ukongeza kwisigaba se-matrix. Xa isigaba sesibini sisasazwa ngokulinganayo kwisigaba se-matrix kunye namaqhekeza amancinci asasazekileyo, siya kuba nesiphumo esibalulekileyo sokuqinisa. Esi siphumo sokuqinisa sibizwa ngokuba kukuqinisa isigaba sesibini.

2. Uhlulo

Kwintshukumo yokusasazeka kwezinto, isigaba sesibini esikwi-alloy sinezi meko zimbini zilandelayo:

(1) Ukuqinisa amasuntswana angenakuguquguquka (indlela yokudlula).

(2) Ukuqinisa amasuntswana anokuguquguquka (indlela yokusika).

Ukuqina kokusasazwa kunye nokuqina kwemvula ziimeko ezikhethekileyo zokuqina kwesigaba sesibini.

3. Isiphumo

Isizathu esiphambili sokuqiniswa kwesigaba sesibini kukunxibelelana phakathi kwabo kunye nokudilika, okuthintela intshukumo yokudilika kwaye kuphucula ukumelana nokuguquguquka kwe-alloy.

ukushwankathela

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela amandla bubume, ulwakhiwo kunye nemeko yomphezulu wento ngokwayo; eyesibini yimeko yamandla, njengesantya samandla, indlela yokulayisha, ukolula okulula okanye amandla aphindaphindwayo, kuya kubonisa amandla ahlukeneyo; Ukongeza, ijiyometri kunye nobukhulu besampulu kunye nendawo yokuvavanya nazo zinempembelelo enkulu, ngamanye amaxesha zide zibe negalelo elikhulu. Umzekelo, amandla okuxinana kwentsimbi enamandla kakhulu kwi-hydrogen atmosphere anokwehla ngokukhawuleza.

Zimbini kuphela iindlela zokuqinisa izinto zesinyithi. Enye kukwandisa amandla okubopha aphakathi kwe-alloy, ukwandisa amandla ayo e-theoretical, kunye nokulungiselela ikristale epheleleyo engenaziphene, njengee-whiskers. Kuyaziwa ukuba amandla ee-iron whiskers asondele kwixabiso le-theoretical. Kungathathwa ngokuba oku kungenxa yokuba akukho ziphene kwii-whiskers, okanye kuphela inani elincinci lokuqhekeka elingenakukhula ngexesha lenkqubo yokuguqulwa. Ngelishwa, xa ububanzi be-whisker bukhulu, amandla ehla kakhulu. Enye indlela yokuqinisa kukungenisa inani elikhulu leziphene zekristale kwikristale, ezinje ngokuqhekeka, iziphene zenqaku, ii-athomu ezahlukeneyo, imida yeenkozo, amasuntswana asasazeke kakhulu okanye ukungalingani (njengokwahlulwa), njl. Ezi ziphene zithintela intshukumo yokuqhekeka kwaye ziphucula kakhulu amandla esinyithi. Iinyani ziye zabonisa ukuba le yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokwandisa amandla esinyithi. Kwizinto zobunjineli, ngokubanzi ngokusebenzisa iziphumo ezipheleleyo zokuqinisa ukufezekisa ukusebenza okungcono okubanzi.