Ukuqiniswa kwesisombululo esiqinileyo

1. Ingcaciso

Isiganeko apho izinto ezixutywayo zichithwa kwisiseko sesinyithi ukuze kubangele iqondo elithile lokuphazamiseka kwe-lattice kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa amandla e-alloy.

2. Umgaqo

I-athomu e-solute echithwe kwisisombululo esiluqilima sibangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-lattice, okwandisa ukuxhathisa kwentshukumo yokuchithwa, kwenza ukutyibilika kube nzima, kwaye kwandisa amandla kunye nobunzima besisombululo esiqinileyo se-alloy.Lo mcimbi wokomeleza isinyithi ngokunyibilikisa into ethile enyibilikayo ukwenza isisombululo esiluqilima sibizwa ngokuba sisisombululo esiqinileyo.Xa ukuxinwa kwee-athomu ze-solute kufanelekileyo, amandla kunye nobunzima bezinto eziphathekayo kunokunyuswa, kodwa ukuqina kwayo kunye neplastiki iyancipha.

3. Imiba enempembelelo

Ukuphakama kweqhezu le-athomu le-athomu ye-solute, impembelelo enkulu yokuqinisa, ngakumbi xa iqhezu le-athomu liphantsi kakhulu, umphumo wokuqinisa ubaluleke kakhulu.

Okukhona umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweathom ezinyibilikayo kunye nobukhulu beathom yesiseko sesinyithi, kokukhona ukuqinisa amandla.

I-athomu ye-solute ye-Interstitial inesisombululo esikhulu esomeleleyo sokuqinisa isisombululo kune-athomu ezitshintshileyo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba ukuguqulwa kwe-lattice ye-athomu ye-interstitial kwi-crystals ye-cubic crystals egxilwe ngumzimba i-asymmetric, impembelelo yabo yokomeleza inkulu kuneekristale ze-cubic ezigxile ebusweni;kodwa i-athomu zangaphakathi Ukunyibilika okuqinileyo kulinganiselwe kakhulu, ngoko ke umphumo wokomeleza ngokwenene ulinganiselwe.

Umehluko omkhulu kwinani leelektroni ze-valence phakathi kwee-athom ze-solute kunye nesiseko sesinyithi, ngokucacileyo umphumo oqinileyo wokuqinisa isisombululo, oko kukuthi, amandla emveliso yesisombululo esiluqilima ayanda kunye nokwanda koxinzelelo lwe-electron ye-valence.

4. Iqondo lokuqiniswa kwesisombululo esiqinileyo ikakhulu kuxhomekeke kule miba ilandelayo

Umahluko kubungakanani phakathi kweathom zematrix kunye neathom ezinyibilikayo.Okukhona umahluko omkhulu wobungakanani, kokukhona uphazamiseko olukhulu kwisakhiwo sekristale sokuqala, kwaye kunzima ngakumbi kwisiliphu sokususa.

Ubungakanani bezinto zokudibanisa.Izinto ezidibanisayo ezongeziweyo zongezwa, ngakumbi umphumo wokuqinisa.Ukuba iiathom ezininzi zinkulu kakhulu okanye zincinci kakhulu, ukunyibilika kuya kugqithiswa.Oku kubandakanya enye indlela yokomeleza, ukomelezwa kwesigaba esihlakaziweyo.

Iiathom ze-Interstitial solute zinesiphumo esiqinileyo esomeleza isisombululo kuneeathom zokutshintshwa.

Okukhona umahluko omkhulu kwinani leelektroni ze-valence phakathi kwee-athom ze-solute kunye nesiseko sesinyithi, kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba isisombululo esiluqilima sisomeleza.

5. Isiphumo

Amandla esivuno, ukomelela kunye nobulukhuni bomelele kunesinyithi esisulungekileyo;

Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-ductility iphantsi kuneyentsimbi ecocekileyo;

I-conductivity iphantsi kakhulu kunentsimbi ecocekileyo;

Ukumelana neCreep, okanye ukulahleka kwamandla kumaqondo aphezulu, kunokuphuculwa ngokuqiniswa kwesisombululo esiqinileyo.

Ukusebenza nzima

1. Ingcaciso

Njengoko iqondo lokuguqulwa okubandayo lisanda, amandla kunye nobunzima bezinto zetsimbi zanda, kodwa iplastiki kunye nokuqina kuyancipha.

2. Intshayelelo

Isenzeko apho amandla kunye nobunzima bezinto zetsimbi zanda xa zikhubazeke ngokweplastiki ngaphantsi kweqondo lokushisa elihlaziyiweyo, ngelixa iplastiki kunye nokuqina kuncipha.Ikwaziwa njengokuqina komsebenzi obandayo.Isizathu kukuba xa isinyithi sinokukhubazeka kweplastiki, i-crystal grains slip kwaye i-dislocation ibophelelekile, ebangela ukuba iinkozo zekristale zibe nde, ziphuke, kwaye zifake i-fiberize, kunye noxinzelelo olushiyekileyo lwenziwa kwintsimbi.Iqondo lokuqina komsebenzi lidla ngokubonakaliswa ngumlinganiselo wobunzima obuncinci bomgangatho womphezulu emva kokulungiswa kwangaphambi kokulungiswa kunye nobunzulu bomaleko owenziwe lukhuni.

3. Ukutolikwa kwimbono ye-dislocation theory

(1) I-Intersection yenzeke phakathi kokutshatyalaliswa, kwaye ukusika okubangelwayo kuthintela ukuhamba kokukhutshwa;

(2) Ukusabela kwenzeka phakathi kwe-dislocation, kwaye i-dislocation ehleliweyo eyenziwe ithintela ukuhamba kwe-dislocation;

(3) Ukwandiswa kwe-dislocation kwenzeka, kwaye ukwanda kwe-dislocation density kwandisa ngakumbi ukuchasana nokunyakaza kokuhamba.

4. Ukwenzakala

Ukuqina komsebenzi kuzisa ubunzima ekuqhubekeni phambili kokusetyenzwa kwamalungu esinyithi.Umzekelo, kwinkqubo yokubanda-rolling ipleyiti yensimbi, kuya kuba nzima kwaye kube nzima ukuqengqeleka, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela annealing eliphakathi ngexesha inkqubo yokucubungula ukuphelisa umsebenzi wayo lukhuni ngokufudumeza.Omnye umzekelo kukwenza umphezulu we-workpiece ube brittle kwaye unzima kwinkqubo yokusika, ngaloo ndlela ukhawuleza ukugqoka izixhobo kunye nokunyusa amandla okusika.

5. Iingenelo

Inokuphucula amandla, ukuqina kunye nokumelana nokunxiba kwesinyithi, ngakumbi kwezo zinyithi ezicocekileyo kunye ne-alloys ezithile ezingenakuphuculwa ngonyango lobushushu.Ngokomzekelo, i-high-drawn-high-high-power wire kunye ne-spring-coiled-coiled spring, njl., sebenzisa i-deformation yokusebenza ebandayo ukuphucula amandla ayo kunye nomda we-elastic.Omnye umzekelo kukusetyenziswa kokuqina komsebenzi ukuphucula ukuqina kunye nokumelana nokunxiba kwamatanki, iitrekta zetrektara, imihlathi yokutyumza kunye nokujika kukaloliwe.

6. Indima kubunjineli boomatshini

Emva komzobo obandayo, ukuqengqeleka kunye nokudubula ukuchama (jonga ukomeleza umphezulu) kunye nezinye iinkqubo, amandla omphezulu wezinto zetsimbi, iinxalenye kunye namacandelo anokuphuculwa kakhulu;

Emva kokuba iinxalenye zigxininiswe, uxinzelelo lwendawo lwamacandelo athile luhlala ludlula umda wesivuno sezinto eziphathekayo, okubangela ukuguqulwa kweplastiki.Ngenxa yokuqina komsebenzi, ukuphuhliswa okuqhubekayo kokuguqulwa kweplastiki kuthintelwe, okunokuphucula ukhuseleko lwamacandelo kunye namacandelo;

Xa inxalenye yentsimbi okanye icandelo lifakwe isitampu, i-deformation yayo yeplastiki ihamba kunye nokuqiniswa, ukwenzela ukuba i-deformation idluliselwe kwindawo engasebenziyo enzima ejikeleze kuyo.Emva kwezenzo zokutshintshana okuphindaphindiweyo, iinxalenye ezibandayo ze-stamping kunye ne-uniform cross-sectional deformation zinokufumaneka;

Inokuphucula ukusebenza kokusika kwentsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni kwaye yenza iichips zibe lula ukwahlula.Kodwa ukuqina komsebenzi kuzisa ubunzima ekuqhubekeni phambili nokusetyenzwa kweentsimbi zentsimbi.Umzekelo, ucingo lwentsimbi olutsalwa ngokubanda ludla amandla amaninzi okuqhubeka nokuzoba ngenxa yokusebenza nzima, kwaye lunokwaphuka.Ke ngoko, kufuneka kuncitshiswe ukuphelisa ukuqina komsebenzi ngaphambi kokuzoba.Omnye umzekelo kukuba ukuze wenze umphezulu we-workpiece brittle kwaye unzima ngexesha lokusika, amandla okusika ayanda ngexesha lokusika kwakhona, kwaye isixhobo sokugqoka sikhawuleza.

Ukomeleza okuziinkozo

1. Ingcaciso

Indlela yokuphucula iimpawu zemishini yezinto zetsimbi ngokucoca i-crystal grains ibizwa ngokuba yi-crystal refining yokuqinisa.Kwishishini, amandla ezinto eziphathekayo aphuculwa ngokucocwa kweenkozo zekristale.

2. Umgaqo

Izinyithi zidla ngokuba ziipolycrystals ezenziwe ngeenkozo ezininzi zekristale.Ubungakanani beenkozo ze-crystal bungabonakaliswa ngenani leenkozo ze-crystal kwiyunithi yeyunithi.Okukhona inani, kokukhona icoleke iinkozo zekristale.Iimvavanyo zibonisa ukuba iintsimbi ezicolekileyo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi zinamandla aphezulu, ukuqina, iplastiki kunye nokuqina kunezintsimbi ezirhabaxa.Oku kungenxa yokuba iinkozo ezintle zingena kwi-deformation yeplastiki phantsi kwamandla angaphandle kwaye zinokusasazwa kwiinkozo ezininzi, i-deformation yeplastiki ifana kakhulu, kwaye uxinzelelo loxinzelelo luncinci;ukongeza, i-grainer i-grainer, i-grainer boundary boundary area kunye nemida ye-grain tortuous.Okukhona kungathandekiyo ukusasazwa kweentanda.Ngoko ke, indlela yokuphucula amandla ezinto eziphathekayo ngokucoca i-crystal grains ibizwa ngokuba yi-grain refinement ukuqinisa kwishishini.

3. Isiphumo

Incinci isayizi yeenkozo, incinci inani le-dislocation (n) kwi-dislocation cluster.Ngokuka τ=nτ0, okukhona ugxininiso loxinzelelo oluncinci, kokukhona amandla ezinto eziphathekayo aphezulu;

Umthetho owomelezayo wokomeleza iinkozo kukuba ngakumbi imida yeenkozo, kokukhona kucotha iinkozo.Ngokobudlelwane be-Hall-Peiqi, i-avareji encinci yexabiso (d) yeenkozo, iphakamisa amandla esivuno sezinto eziphathekayo.

4. Indlela yokucocwa kweenkozo

Yandisa iqondo lokupholisa kancinci;

Ukuwohloka konyango;

Ukungcangcazela kunye nokushukumisa;

Kwiintsimbi ezikhubazekileyo ezibandayo, iinkozo zekristale zinokucokiswa ngokulawula iqondo le-deformation kunye neqondo lokushisa.

Ukuqiniswa kwesigaba sesibini

1. Ingcaciso

Xa kuthelekiswa ne-alloys yesigaba esisodwa, i-alloys ye-multi-phase inesigaba sesibini ngaphezu kwesigaba se-matrix.Xa isigaba sesibini sisasazwa ngokufanayo kwisigaba se-matrix kunye neengqungquthela ezintle ezihlakaziweyo, ziya kuba nefuthe eliqinisayo.Esi siphumo sokomeleza sibizwa ngokuba sisigaba sesibini sokomeleza.

2. Ukuhlelwa

Ukuhamba kwe-dislocation, isigaba sesibini esiqulethwe kwi-alloy sinezi meko zimbini zilandelayo:

(1) Ukuqiniswa kwamasuntswana angenakonakala (i-bypass mechanism).

(2) Ukuqiniswa kweengqungquthela ezinokukhubazeka (i-cut-through mechanism).

Zombini ukomeleza ukusasazeka kunye nokuqiniswa kwemvula ziimeko ezikhethekileyo zokomelezwa kwesigaba sesibini.

3. Isiphumo

Isizathu esona sizathu sokuqiniswa kwesigaba sesibini kukusebenzisana phakathi kwabo kunye nokuchithwa, okuthintela ukunyakaza kwe-dislocation kunye nokuphucula ukuchasana kwe-deformation ye-alloy.

ukushwankathela

Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezichaphazela amandla kukubunjwa, ukwakheka kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wezinto ngokwazo;okwesibini yimeko yamandla, njengesantya samandla, indlela yokulayisha, ukulula okulula okanye ukuphindaphinda amandla, kuya kubonisa amandla ahlukeneyo;Ukongeza, ijometri kunye nobungakanani besampulu kunye nomgangatho wovavanyo nabo banempembelelo enkulu, ngamanye amaxesha bade bagqibe.Umzekelo, amandla okuqina entsimbi ye-ultra-high-strength kwi-atmosphere ye-hydrogen inokwehla ngokukhawuleza.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini kuphela zokuqinisa izinto zetsimbi.Enye kukwandisa amandla okudibanisa i-interatomic ye-alloy, ukwandisa amandla ayo e-theory, kunye nokulungiselela ikristale epheleleyo ngaphandle kweziphene, ezifana namabhovu.Kuyaziwa ukuba amandla e-iron whiskers asondele kwixabiso lethiyori.Inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo ukuba oku kungenxa yokuba akukho kuphazamiseka kwi-whiskers, okanye kuphela inani elincinci lokuchithwa elingenako ukwanda ngexesha lenkqubo yokuguqulwa.Ngelishwa, xa ububanzi be-whisker bukhulu, amandla ehla ngokukhawuleza.Enye indlela yokomeleza kukuzisa inani elikhulu lee-crystal defects kwi-crystal, ezifana nokuchithwa, iziphene zamanqaku, ii-athomu ezingafaniyo, imida yeenkozo, iinqununu ezihlakazekile kakhulu okanye i-inhomogeneities (ezifana nokuhlukana), njl. Ezi ziphene zithintela ukuhamba kwe-dislocation kunye kwakhona Ukuphucula ngokuphawulekayo amandla esinyithi.Iinyani zibonakalise ukuba le yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokunyusa amandla esinyithi.Kwimathiriyeli yobunjineli, ngokuqhelekileyo kungenxa yeziphumo zokomelezwa ngokubanzi ukufezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle okubanzi.