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N-Isopropylhydroxylamine CAS: 5080-22-8
I-N-Isopropylhydroxylamine lulwelo olungenambala kunye nevumba elinamandla le-ammonia.
- Iyanyibilika emanzini nakwizinyibilikisi ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ayinyibiliki kwizinyibilikisi ezingezizo ipolar.
- Yi-nucleophile ene-reactions ezongezelelweyo kwiikhompawundi ezifana ne-esters, aldehydes, kunye ne-ketones.
sebenzisa:
- I-N-Isopropylhydroxylamine isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi-organic synthesis reactions, ngakumbi njenge-reagent amination.
-Ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iimveliso ze-amination zealdehydes, iiketoni, kunye nee-esters, kwaye zithathe inxaxheba kwiindlela zokusabela ngebhayisikile.
- Isenokusetyenziswa njenge-reagent yokunciphisa ukwenza iimpendulo zokunciphisa kwi-organic synthesis.
Indlela yokulungiselela:
- Indlela eqhelekileyo yokulungiselela i-N-isopropylhydroxylamine kukwenza i-amidation reaction kwi-isopropyl alcohol ukuze ifumane i-N-isopropylisopropylamide, kwaye emva koko isebenzise igesi ye-ammonia ukuze isebenze kuyo ukuvelisa i-N-isopropylhydroxylamine.
Ulwazi ngoKhuseleko:
- I-N-Isopropylhydroxylamine yinto edlayo enokubangela ukucaphuka kunye nokutshisa xa udibana nolusu namehlo.
-Nxiba iiglavu zokhuselo, iiglasi kunye nezinye izixhobo zokuzikhusela xa usebenzisa.
- Sebenzisa kwindawo engena umoya kwaye uphephe ukuphefumla umphunga wayo.
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I-2,6-Dimethylaniline CAS 87-62-7
I-2,6-Dimethylaniline i-liquid ephuzi kancinane kunye ne-0.973. Ayinyibiliki emanzini, inyibilika etywaleni, ether, kwaye inyibilika kwi-hydrochloric acid.
Iindlela ze-synthesis ze-2,6-dimethylaniline ikakhulu ziquka i-2,6-dimethylphenol aminolysis indlela, indlela ye-o-methylaniline alkylation, indlela ye-aniline methylation, indlela ye-m-xylene disulfonation nitration kunye ne-m-xylene disulfonation method. Indlela yokunciphisa i-toluene nitration, njl.
Le mveliso ibalulekile phakathi ekuvelisweni kwamayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kunye namayeza, kwaye isenokusetyenziswa njengento ekrwada yeemveliso zekhemikhali ezifana nedayi. Inokutsha lidangatye elivulekileyo; isabela kunye nee-oxidants; ibolisa umsi wenitrogen oxide enetyhefu ngobushushu obukhulu.
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I-2,4-Dimethyl aniline CAS 95-68-1
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I-2,4-Dimethyl aniline CAS 95-68-1
Lulwelo olunamafutha angenambala. Umbala unzulu ekukhanyeni nasemoyeni. Inyibilika kancinci emanzini, inyibilika kwi-ethanol, ether, benzene kunye nezinyibiliko zeasidi.
I-2,4-Dimethylaniline ifunyenwe nge-nitration ye-m-xylene ukufumana i-2,4-dimethylnitrobenzene kunye ne-2,6-dimethylnitrobenzene. Emva kwe-distillation, i-2,4-dimethylnitrobenzene ifunyenwe. Imveliso ifunyenwe nge-catalytic hydrogenation yokunciphisa ibenzene. Isetyenziswa njengeziphakathi kwizitshabalalisi, amayeza kunye nedayi.Inokutsha kumadangatye avulekileyo; isebenza ngee-oxidants; ibolisa umsi wenitrogen oxide enetyhefu ngobushushu obukhulu. Ngexesha lokugcinwa kunye nokuthutha, indawo yokugcina kufuneka ifakwe umoya kwaye yome kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi; yigcine ngokwahlukileyo kwiiasidi, ii-oxidants, kunye nezongezo zokutya.
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I-1-(Dimethylamino) tetradecane CAS 112-75-4
I-1-(Dimethylamino) tetradecane CAS 112-75-4
Imbonakalo lulwelo oluselubala. olunganyibilikiyo emanzini kwaye luxinene kancinci kunamanzi. Yiyo loo nto idada phezu kwamanzi. Ukudibana kunokucaphukisa ulusu, amehlo kunye nenwebu. Isenokuba yityhefu ngokuyifunxa, ukuphefumla okanye ukufunxa ulusu.
Isetyenziselwa ukwenza ezinye iikhemikhali.Kwaye zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwizigcini, izongezo zepetroli, ii-bactericides, ii-extractants zetsimbi ezinqabileyo, i-pigment dispersants, i-mineral flotation agents, i-cosmetic raw materials, njl.
Imiqathango yogcino: Gcina kwindawo epholileyo, eyomileyo, emnyama kwisikhongozeli esivalwe ngci okanye isilinda. Zigcine kude nezinto ezingahambelaniyo, imithombo yokutshisa kunye nabantu abangaqeqeshwanga. Khusela kwaye uleyibhelishe indawo. Khusela izitya / iisilinda kumonakalo womzimba.
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I-Triethylamine CAS: 121-44-8
I-Triethylamine (i-molecular formula: i-C6H15N), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-N, N-diethylethylamine, i-amine elula ye-homo-trisubstituted tertiary amine kwaye ineempawu eziqhelekileyo ze-amines ephezulu, kubandakanywa ukubunjwa kwetyuwa, i-oxidation, kunye ne-triethyl Chemicalbook amine. Uvavanyo (Impendulo yakhe) akukho mpendulo. Kubonakala njengolwelo olungenambala ukuya kumthubi olucacileyo olunevumba elinamandla leammonia kwaye litshaya kancinci emoyeni. Inyibilika kancinci emanzini, inyibilika kwi-ethanol kunye ne-ether. Isisombululo esinamanzi yialkaline. Inetyhefu kwaye iyacaphukisa kakhulu.
Inokufumaneka ngokuphendula i-ethanol kunye ne-ammonia phambi kwe-hydrogen kwi-reactor exhotywe nge-copper-nickel-clay catalyst phantsi kweemeko zokufudumeza (190 ± 2 ° C kunye ne-165 ± 2 ° C). Ukusabela kuya kuvelisa i-monoethylamine kunye ne-diethylamine. Emva kwe-condensation, imveliso ifafazwe nge-ethanol kwaye ifunnwe ukufumana i-triethylamine ekrwada. Ekugqibeleni, emva kokuhlukana, ukuchithwa kwamanzi kunye nokuhlukana, i-triethylamine ecocekileyo ifunyenwe.
I-Triethylamine ingasetyenziselwa njenge-solvent kunye ne-raw material kwi-organic synthesis industry, kwaye iphinda isetyenziswe ekwenzeni amayeza, i-pesticides, i-polymerization inhibitors, i-fuel-energy fuels, i-rubberizers, njl.
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I-Chloroacetone CAS: 78-95-5
I-Chloroacetone CAS: 78-95-5
Inkangeleko yayo ilulwelo olungenambala nevumba elirhabaxa. Inyibilika emanzini, i-ethanol, i-ether kunye nekloroform. Isetyenziswe kwi-organic synthesis ukulungiselela iziyobisi, izibulala-zinambuzane, iziqholo kunye nedayi, njl.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokudibanisa i-chloroacetone. Indlela ye-acetone chlorination okwangoku yindlela enkulu esetyenziswa kwimveliso yasekhaya. I-Chloroacetone ifunyenwe ngokuxutywa kwe-acetone phambi kwe-calcium carbonate, i-agent-binding agent. Yongeza i-acetone kunye ne-calcium carbonate kwi-reactor ngokomlinganiselo othile wokutya, ugxobhoze ukwenza i-slurry, kunye nobushushu kwi-reflux. Emva kokuyeka ukufudumeza, dlula kwigesi ye-chlorine malunga ne-3 ukuya kwiiyure ze-4, kwaye ungeze amanzi ukunyibilikisa i-calcium chloride eyenziwe. Uluhlu lweoli luyaqokelelwa, kwaye emva koko luhlanjwe, luphelelwe ngamanzi, kwaye ludityaniswe ukuze lufumane imveliso ye-chloroacetone.
Ukugcinwa kunye neempawu zokuthutha ze-chloroacetone
Indawo yokugcina ingena umoya kwaye yomiswe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi; ikhuselwe kumadangatye avulekileyo kunye nobushushu obuphezulu, kwaye igcinwe kwaye ihanjiswe ngokwahlukileyo kwizinto eziluhlaza zokutya kunye ne-oxidants.
Iimeko zokugcina: 2-8°C -
Ipropylene glycol CAS: 57-55-6
Igama lesayensi lepropylene glycol yi "1,2-propanediol". I-racemate lulwelo lwe-hygroscopic viscous kunye nencasa ebabayo kancinane. Ixubene emanzini, i-acetone, i-ethyl acetate kunye ne-chloroform, kwaye i-soluble kwi-ether. Inyibilika kwiioyile ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, kodwa ayixutywanga nepetroleum ether, iparafini kunye negrisi. Izinzile xa ithelekiswa nobushushu kunye nokukhanya, kwaye izinzile kumaqondo aphantsi. Ipropylene glycol inokuthi ifakwe kwipropionaldehyde, i-lactic acid, i-pyruvic acid kunye ne-acetic acid kumaqondo aphezulu.
Ipropylene glycol yi-diol kwaye ineempawu zotywala jikelele. Iphendula kunye neeasidi eziphilayo kunye neeasidi ezingaphiliyo ukuvelisa iimonoesters okanye iidiesters. Isabela ngepropylene oxide ukwenza iether. Iphendula ngehydrogen halide ukwenza iihalohydrins. Iba ne-acetaldehyde yenze i-methyldioxolane.
Njenge-agent ye-bacteriostatic, i-propylene glycol ifana ne-ethanol, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo ekunqandeni isikhunta kufana ne-glycerin kwaye iphantsi kancinci kune-ethanol. Ipropylene glycol isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njengeplastiki kwizinto zokugquma ifilimu enamanzi. Umxube wamacandelo alinganayo ngamanzi unokulibazisa i-hydrolysis yamachiza athile kunye nokwandisa ukuzinza kwamalungiselelo.
Ulwelo olungenambala, olune-viscous kunye noluzinzileyo olufunxa amanzi, oluphantse lungabinancasa kwaye alunavumba. Ixutywe namanzi, i-ethanol kunye nezinyibilikisi ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo. Isetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli ekrwada yeentlaka, iiplasticizers, surfactants, emulsifiers and demulsifiers, kunye ne antifreeze kunye nezithwala ubushushu.
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I-Benzoic acid CAS: 65-85-0
I-Benzoic acid, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-benzoic acid, ine-molecular formula ye-C6H5COOH. Yeyona asidi enuka kamnandi apho iqela le-carboxyl liqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-athomu yekhabhoni yeringi ye-benzene. Yikhompawundi eyenziwe ngokutshintsha i-hydrogen kwiringi ye-benzene kunye neqela le-carboxyl (-COOH). Ayinambala, iikristale ezicandayo ezingenavumba. Indawo yokunyibilika yi-122.13℃, indawo yokubilisa yi-249℃, kwaye ubuninzi bobunzima yi-1.2659 (15/4℃). Ithoba ngokukhawuleza kwi-100 ° C, kwaye umphunga wayo uyacaphuka kakhulu kwaye unokubangela ukukhohlela ngokulula emva kokuphefumla. Inyibilika kancinci emanzini, inyibilika ngokulula kwizinyibilikisi eziphilayo ezifana ne-ethanol, i-ether, i-chloroform, ibenzene, i-toluene, i-carbon disulfide, i-carbon tetrachloride kunye ne-pine Chemicalbook yokonga amafutha. Ikhona ngokubanzi kwindalo ngendlela ye-asidi yamahhala, i-ester okanye i-derivatives yayo. Ngokomzekelo, ikhona kwimo ye-asidi yamahhala kunye ne-benzyl ester kwi-benzoin gum; ikhona ikwimo ekhululekileyo emagqabini nakwixolo lesiqu sezinye izityalo; Ikhona kwivumba elimnandi Ikhona ngohlobo lwe-methyl ester okanye i-benzyl ester kwiioyile ezibalulekileyo; ikhona kwimo ye-hippuric acid ephuma kumchamo wehashe. I-asidi ye-Benzoic i-asidi ebuthakathaka, inamandla kune-fatty acids. Zineempawu zeekhemikhali ezifanayo kwaye zinokwenza i-salts, i-esters, i-asidi halides, i-amides, i-anhydrides ye-asidi, njl., kwaye ayifaki i-oxidized ngokulula. I-electrophilic substitution reaction ingenzeka kwiringi ye-benzene ye-benzoic acid, ikakhulu ivelisa iimveliso ezithatha indawo yemeta.
I-asidi ye-Benzoic isoloko isetyenziswa njengeyeza okanye i-preservative. Inomphumela wokuthintela ukukhula kwefungi, ibhaktheriya kunye nokungunda. Xa isetyenziselwa amayeza, idla ngokusetyenziswa eluswini ukunyanga izifo zolusu ezifana nerherho. Isetyenziswa kwiintsinga zokwenziwa, iintlaka, iingubo, irabha, kunye nemizi-mveliso yecuba. Ekuqaleni, i-benzoic acid yaveliswa yi-carbonization ye-benzoin gum okanye i-hydrolysis yencwadi yeekhemikhali ngamanzi ane-alkaline. Iyakwazi ukuveliswa nge-hydrolysis ye-hippuric acid. Ngoshishino, i-benzoic acid iveliswa yi-air oxidation ye-toluene phambi kwee-catalysts ezifana ne-cobalt kunye ne-manganese; okanye uveliswa yi-hydrolysis kunye ne-decarboxylation ye-phthalic anhydride. I-asidi ye-Benzoic kunye netyuwa yesodium ingasetyenziselwa njenge-antibacterial agents kwi-latex, i-toothpaste, i-jam okanye okunye ukutya, kwaye inokusetyenziswa njenge-mordants yokudaya kunye nokushicilela. -
I-Ethyl N-acetyl-N-butyl-β-alaninate CAS:52304-36-6
I-BAAPE sisixovulelo esibanzi, esisebenza kakhulu ekugxotheni iimpukane, iintwala, iimbovane, iingcongconi, amaphela, iimidges, iimpukane, iintakumba ezicaba, iintakumba zesanti, iisand midges, sandflies, cicadas, njl. impembelelo yayo yokugxotha ihlala ixesha elide kwaye ingasetyenziswa kwiimeko zemozulu ezahlukeneyo. Uzinzile ngokwekhemikhali phantsi kweemeko zokusetyenziswa kwaye unozinzo oluphezulu lwe-thermal kunye nokuchasana nokujuluka okuphezulu. I-BAAPE iyahambelana kakuhle nezithambiso ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunye namayeza. Ingenziwa kwizisombululo, i-emulsions, i-ointments, i-coatings, i-gel, i-aerosols, i-mosquito coils, i-microcapsules kunye nezinye ii-pharmaceuticals ezikhethekileyo zokugxotha, kwaye zinokongezwa kwezinye iimveliso. Okanye kwizinto (ezifana namanzi endlu yangasese, amanzi agxotha iingcongconi), ukuze ibe nefuthe lokugxotha.
I-BAAPE ineengenelo zokungabi neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga eziyityhefu kulusu kunye nenwebu zemifinya, akukho aleji, kwaye akukho kungena kwesikhumba.
Iipropathi: Ulwelo olungenambala ukuya kolutyheli olucacileyo, eyona nto ibalaseleyo yokugxotha iingcongconi. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-standard mosquito repellent (DEET, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-DEET), ineempawu eziphawulekayo zetyhefu ephantsi, ukucaphuka okuncinci, kunye nexesha elide lokugxotha. , imveliso efanelekileyo yokutshintshwa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo zokugxotha iingcongconi.
I-water-soluble repellent (BAAPE) ayisebenzi kangako kuneDEET yesintu ekugxotheni iingcongconi. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa, i-DEET (IR3535) ayicaphuki kakhulu kwaye ayinakho ukungena kwesikhumba.
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I-2-Methoxyethanol CAS 109-86-4
I-Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (efinyeziweyo njenge-MOE), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-ethylene glycol methyl ether, i-liquid engenambala kunye ne-transparent, ixutywe ngamanzi, utywala, i-acetic acid, i-acetone kunye ne-DMF. Njengesinyibilikisi esibalulekileyo, i-MOE isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-solvent yeegrisi ezahlukeneyo, i-cellulose acetates, i-nitrate ye-cellulose, iidayi ezinyibilikayo ngotywala kunye ne-synthetic resins.
Ifunyenwe ngokusabela kwe-ethylene oxide kunye ne-methanol. Yongeza i-methanol kwi-boron trifluoride ether complex, kwaye udlule kwi-ethylene oxide kwi-25-30 ° C ngelixa uvuselela. Emva kokuba isicatshulwa sigqityiwe, ubushushu buphakama ngokuzenzekelayo ukuya kuma-38-45 ° C. Isiphumo sokuphendula isisombululo siphathwa nge-potassium hydrocyanide- Neutralize isisombululo se-methanol kwi-pH=8-Chemicalbook9. Fumana i-methanol, yigalele, kwaye uqokelele amaqhezu phambi kwe-130°C ukufumana imveliso ekrwada. Emva koko yenza i-distillation ye-fractional, kwaye uqokelele i-123-125 ° C iqhezu njengemveliso egqityiweyo. Kwimveliso yoshishino, i-ethylene oxide kunye ne-anhydrous methanol iphendulwa kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye noxinzelelo ngaphandle kwe-catalyst, kwaye imveliso ephezulu inokufumaneka.
Le mveliso isetyenziselwa i-solvent yee-oyile ezahlukeneyo, i-lignin, i-nitrocellulose, i-cellulose acetate, i-alcohol-soluble dyes kunye ne-synthetic resins; njenge-reagent yokumisela i-iron, i-sulfate kunye ne-carbon disulfide, njenge-diluent ye-coatings, kunye ne-cellophane. Kwiimpawu zokupakisha, i-varnishes eyomileyo ngokukhawuleza kunye ne-enamels. Isenokusetyenziswa njenge-arhente yokungena kunye ne-ejenti yokulinganisa kwishishini ledayi, okanye njengeplastiki kunye ne-lightener. Njengophakathi kwimveliso ye-organic compounds, i-ethylene glycol monomethyl ether isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi-synthesis ye-acetate kunye ne-ethylene glycol dimethyl ether. IkwayiChemicalbook imathiriyeli ekrwada yokuveliswa kwe-bis (2-methoxyethyl) phthalate plasticizer. Umxube we-ethylene glycol monomethyl ether kunye ne-glycerin (i-ether: i-glycerin = 98: 2) i-jet ye-jet ye-fuel additive enokuthintela i-icing kunye ne-corrosion ye-bacterial. Xa i-ethylene glycol monomethyl ether isetyenziswa njenge-jet fuel antisizing agent, imali eyongeziweyo ngokubanzi yi-0.15% ± 0.05%. Ine-hydrophilicity elungileyo. Isebenzisa iqela layo le-hydroxyl kwi-fuel ukusebenzisana kunye nemilinganiselo ye-molecule yamanzi kwi-oyile. Ukwenziwa kobudlelwane be-hydrogen bond, kudityaniswa neqondo lomkhenkce eliphantsi kakhulu, kwehlisa indawo yokukhenkceza yamanzi kwi-oyile, kuvumela amanzi ukuba abe ngumkhenkce. I-Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether ikwayinto echasene ne-microbial additive.
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I-1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether CAS 2425-79-8
I-1,4-Butanediol glycidyl ether, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-1,4-butanediol dialkyl ether okanye i-BDG, i-organic compound. Lulwelo olungenambala ukuya kumthubi olukhanyayo kunye nokuguquguquka okuphantsi. Inyibilika kwiintlobo ezininzi ze-solvents eziphilayo ezifana ne-ethanol, i-methanol kunye ne-dimethylformamide. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswa njengezinto zemichiza ekrwada kunye nezinyibilikisi. Ikwasetyenziswa njengesizinzisi kwiidayi kunye neepigments.
I-1,4-Butanediol glycidyl ether inokuveliswa nge-esterification ye-1,4-butanediol kunye ne-methanol okanye isisombululo se-methanol. Iimeko zokusabela ngokuqhelekileyo ziqhutyelwa phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nobukho be-catalyst.
Xa usebenzisa i-1,4-butanediol glycidyl ether, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukukhusela ukudibanisa nolusu kunye namehlo. Ngethuba lokusetyenziswa kunye nokugcinwa, ukushisa okuphezulu kunye nemithombo yomlilo kufuneka igwenywe. Ingqalelo kufuneka inikwe ukutywinwa kwezikhongozeli zokugcina ukuthintela ukuguquka kwamanzi kunye nokuvuza. -
I-Diethanolamine CAS: 111-42-2
I-Ethanolamine EA yeyona mveliso ibalulekileyo kwi-ethanol, kuquka i-monoethanolamine MEA, i-diethanolamine DEA kunye ne-triethanolamine TEA. I-Ethanolamine yinto ebalulekileyo ye-organic intermediate, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-surfactants, i-synthetic detergents, i-petrochemical additives, i-resin synthetic kunye ne-rabha plasticizers, i-accelerators, i-vulcanizing agents kunye ne-ejenti ezikhupha ugwebu, kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwegesi, i-antifreeze yolwelo, Ukushicilela kunye nokudaya, amayeza okwakha, amayeza okubulala izinambuzane. , ishishini lomkhosi kunye nezinye iinkalo. Iimveliso ezisezantsi ze-ethanolamine zibalulekile ziphakathi kweekhemikhali ezilungileyo.
I-Diethanolamine, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-bishydroxyethylamine kunye ne-2,2'-iminobisethanol, yikristale emhlophe okanye ulwelo olungenambala kunye ne-hygroscopicity enamandla. Inyibilika lula emanzini, kwimethanol, ethanol, kwiacetone kunye nebenzene. Ukunyibilika kwayo (g/100g) kwi-benzene kwi-25°C yi-4.2 kwaye kwi-ether yi-0.8. Injongo yayo kukuba: i-gas purifier, enokuthi ithathe i-Chemicalbook i-acidic gases kwi-gas, njenge-carbon dioxide, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-sulfur dioxide, njl. ikwasetyenziselwa ukumiliselwa. Ii-Agents, i-lubricants, i-shampoos, i-thickeners, njl.; i-organic synthesis intermediates, esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izinto zokucoca, izigcina-lwazi kunye neekhemikhali zemihla ngemihla (ezifana ne-surfactants); ukuhlanganiswa kwemorpholine.
I-Diethanolamine isetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli ekrwada kwi-buffers kwishishini lamayeza. Isetyenziswe njenge-agent edibeneyo kwimveliso ye-polyurethane foam ephezulu. Ixutywe ne-triethanolamine njengesicoci seepistons zenjini yenqwelomoya. Isabela nge-fatty acids ukwenza i-alkyl alkyls. Ikwasetyenziswa kwi-organic Synthetic imathiriyeli ekrwada, imathiriyeli ekrwada yee-surfactants I-Chemicalbook kunye ne-asidi yokufunxa igesi, esetyenziswa njengezinto ezityebisayo kunye nezilungisi ze-foam kwiishampu kunye nezicoci ezikhanyayo, njengeziphakathi kwishishini le-organic synthesis, kunye nakwishishini lamayeza. Njenge-solvent, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwishishini lokuhlamba, i-cosmetics industry, ezolimo, ishishini lokwakha kunye ne-metal industry.
